关键词: 武汉大学早期校园, 凯尔斯, 规划理念

Abstract: Wuhan University's (WHU) early campus occupies a unique position in the history of modern Chinese architecture. It is a rare national university campus that was newly constructed during the period of the Republic of China (ROC). It took the will of modern Chinese intellectual elites to build a brand-new modern university and to revive traditional Chinese architectural culture. Previous research on WHU's early campus has gained considerable attention. However, due to a lack of relevant historical documents, there exist many interpretations around the planning and design of the early campus. Some preliminary studies imply that  the origin of campus planning stems from the perspective of traditional Chinese culture based on its current status in the modern era. In recent years, studies have explored the construction of the early campus from the political, economic and cultural perspective of the ROC as well as in a context of collision between the Chinese and Western culture. Nevertheless, such interpretations of campus planning concepts are believed to be too broad. First, the influences of the modern American campus could generally be attributed to the "academic village" model of the University of Virginia or the Beaux-Arts system, without specific historical evidence and detailed analysis of their impact. Other important influential factors were also neglected. Second, analyses on architectural style and technological characteristics replace interpretations around planning ideas based on the current architectural fashion. Consequently, the uniqueness of WHU's early campus has not fully been revealed, and thus, the entirety of its academic value has not been recognized. 
　　Aside from the Luojiashan Campus, There has not been any recorded completed constructions or related writings by Designer F. H. Kales. However, design is not imaging from nothing. The most likely reference for design is the accumulated experience related to American campus planning at that time. Focusing on the ideological trends and paradigms of American campus planning from the 19th Century to the early 20th Century, the potential link with respect to the planning traditions between the Luojiashan Campus of WHU and American campuses was investigated in the current study through a comparison and analysis of the built environment on the early campus and the extant literature.
　　In the current study, major paradigms for modern campus planning in America were reviewed, including the "academic village style", "picturesque landscape style" and "Beaux-Arts style" (among others). Besides this, the ever-maturing concept of environmental enlightenment in the campus planning around modern American universities is discussed. Environmental enlightenment is predominantly characteristic of "advocating natural experiences" and "classical order worship" .Both themes are reflected in the construction of WHU's early campus.
　　First, Kales integrated the quality of the natural world into the campus through the site selection proposal of "college on the hill", the planning layout of "picturesque scenery", and the rich variation of open-space shaping. These not only help students cultivate their thinking skills and stimulate their emotions but also establish a respectable status for the university. Second, Kales was inspired by previous experience and created a sacred sense of order through classical architectural language and the principles of order as a response to the construction ambitions of the university. Thus, he lifted up the architectural campus environment into a symbol of cultural aspiration and personality shaping. The grand order of Western neoclassicism was introduced into the relationship between architectural groups, and the innovative integration of the "Chinese Intrinsic Style" was explored based on the expression of architectural form.
　　The current study argues that WHU's early campus was constructed as a response to the pursuit of an ideal university. Its spatial form integrates natural qualities and classic orders, and it is closely related to the embodiment of the university and the nation. It echoes the social and cultural demands in a specific historical period and exhibits the educational enlightenment values of physical campus environments. In other words, a university not only fosters students through their development of knowledge but also cultivates and shapes students through the physical environment in which they study. This remains an important idea underpinning the construction of contemporary campus planning.

Key words: Wuhan University's early campus, Francis Henry Kales, planning philosophy