South Architecture

Research on the Design Methods of Contemporary Large-scale Exhibition Building Systems: A Case Study #br# Based on the Creation of the Pazhou Exhibition Hall of the Canton Fair#br#

DENG Xinyu, NI Yang, YUAN Wei

2025, 0(07): 1-11. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-0232.2025.07.001

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Under the impetus of China's "carbon emission reduction and carbon neutralization" strategic goals, this paper aims to establish a set of systematic design methods based on the theoretical framework of architectural typology. This approach addresses design challenges for contemporary large-scale exhibition buildings, which are caused by diversified functions, complicated traffic conditions, varied spaces, and ecological problems. Such methods provide theoretical support and practical pathways for the overall planning and optimization of complex exhibition buildings.
　　In the initial research stage, the compatibility of architectural typology with research on exhibition buildings was verified through theoretical analysis. Literature concerning exhibition buildings, both domestic and international, was reviewed, and existing research shortages were identified, forming the study's research ideas and entry points.
　　In the method derivation stage, the core components of exhibition buildings were sorted and classified into four categories: function, transportation, space, and ecology. Based on analysis of correlations among elements, two major design dimensions were disclosed: "function-transportation" integration and "space-ecology" cooperation. Next, types of exhibition buildings were analyzed from a three-level perspective of "regional city ↔ planning group ↔ exhibition building" to extract typical exhibition building models across different scales. A case study was conducted, involving the creation and practice of the Pazhou Exhibition Hall of the Canton Fair from Liuhua Road, Phase I to Phase IV, where the correlation dimension and type analysis of the two major elements were compared and verified. Additionally, a quantitative assessment of wind environment and ventilation efficiency was carried out using CFD numerical simulation.
　　The systematic design method of the Pazhou Exhibition Hall of the Canton Fair consisted of two steps.
　　Step 1: Element Correlation
　 (1) Regarding the dimension of "function-transportation" integration, the design realized the integrated operation of exhibition, conference, and related supporting functions. It achieved high-efficiency interaction between the Pazhou Exhibition Hall and the urban transportation network through the separation of pedestrians and vehicles based on an internal circular driveway and Zhujiang walkways, alongside the three-dimensional connection of freight and pedestrian flow lines.
(2) Regarding the dimension of "space-ecology" synergy, the design guided natural wind to form urban wind corridors based on a fishbone-shaped exhibition hall layout and transitional courtyards. It also achieved indoor-outdoor climate regulation through the mixed ventilation strategy of metal roofs and skylights.
　　Step 2: Type Analysis
　　(1) At the regional-city level, functional business status and urban spatial layout were optimized.
　　(2) For planning groups, support for industrial business status and the public spatial system were developed.
(3) The architectural level realized a flexible combination of exhibition halls and ecological-technological integration.
　　The systematic design methods for exhibition buildings, based on architectural typology, not only inherit its advantages in extracting architectural forms and spatial orders, but also address the complex functional demands and climate challenges of large-scale exhibition buildings. The theoretical innovation and case validation in this study are significantly important for promoting systematic innovation in contemporary large-scale complex exhibition buildings, and for providing feasible strategies and pathways for the green, low-carbon design and maintenance of future exhibition buildings

Dialectical Analysis of Kengo Kuma's Architectural Philosophy and Practice

JIANG Han, KONG Yuhang

2025, 0(07): 12-21. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-0232.2025.07.002

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China's modernization has largely neglected the inheritance and promotion of traditional construction methods and craftsmanship, thereby weakening the inherent link between design and construction. Consequently, contemporary spatial design often prioritizes formal expression over constructional logic and material properties. In contrast, Japanese architect Kengo Kuma integrates traditional architectural principles into modern contexts through his construction practice, forging a dialectical unity between spatial materiality and atmosphere. His approach offers an innovative model for adapting Japanese architectural tradition. Based on Kengo Kuma's thoughts and practices, this study analyzes Kuma's reconstruction of Japanese architectural culture, focusing on the dialectical relationship between the "visibility of construction methods" and the "invisibility of atmosphere." It seeks to uncover the operational logic behind the transformation of traditional principles. The findings provide valuable insights for the contemporary application of Chinese architectural tradition.
　　In this study, Kuma's built works were analyzed alongside his theoretical writings and architectural critiques, employing case study analysis, typological induction, and dialectical reasoning. By examining Kuma's ideas of "particlized" texture construction and "disappearing" atmospheric creation, the study focused on his construction practices—at structural, interface and detail levels—to explore the intrinsic relationship between explicit constructional operations and implicit atmospheric expressions. The results showed that Kuma extracted traditional elements rooted in specific eras or regions, condensing them into a unique constructional semantics of "particlization" through explicit expression of construction logic. Simultaneously, he utilized particle aggregation to realize implicit expression of life scenarios, natural qualities and traditional motifs, thereby imbuing spatial construction syntax with a profound understanding of Japanese tradition. Kuma explored construction's implicit meaning beyond explicit space by intertwining semantics and syntax.
　　The interrelationship between construction methods and atmosphere in Kuma's works manifests on three levels: (1) structural construction evokes the atmosphere of daily life by triggering spatial memory; (2) interface construction expresses natural atmosphere through porosity and permeability; and (3) detailed construction conveys traditional atmosphere through thematic logic. This process highlights a two-way feedback mechanism between atmosphere and construction form. Construction often plays a supportive and recessive role behind space and materials, serving as a medium for recreating life scenes, responding to natural attributes, and continuing cultural temperament. Simultaneously, the integration needs for natural elements, such as ocean views and light, further promote innovation in construction methods, leading to special techniques that align with natural aesthetics. Therefore, the explicit and implicit attributes in Kuma's thought and practice are interdependent, reflecting only a temporal distinction in traditional perception. The former evokes immediate perception through embodied visual experience, while the latter stimulates deep understanding of place through delayed response to hidden atmospheres.
　　For Chinese architecture, this dialectical logic of explicit and implicit suggests that the excavation of traditional elements must balance formal reconstruction and the continuation of atmosphere, thereby avoiding the pitfalls of technical imitation or symbolic collage. By analyzing Kuma's thoughts and practices, this study deepens the understanding of Japanese architectural culture's innovation mechanisms. It also provides a systematic reference—from cognitive paradigm to practical application—for the contemporary reconstruction of Chinese traditional architecture, enabling it to maintain cultural identity during globalization.

Research on the Spatiotemporal Evolution of Residential Layout Structures Under Housing Price Zoning #br# in Changsha#br#

#br#

OU Jingwen

2025, 0(07): 22-31. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-0232.2025.07.003

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As a fundamental driver of urban development, residential space significantly influences both urban competitiveness and residents' quality of life. China's real estate market currently faces challenges such as increasing housing vacancy rates and insufficient macro-level regulation effectiveness. Consequently, a transition from macro spatial governance to micro-level structural optimization is urgently needed. This study analyzed spatiotemporal evolution patterns of residential layouts across various housing price zones in Changsha and their correlations with housing prices, using data from 2014 to 2023.
　　Research units in five core urban districts of Changsha were delineated using regulatory planning and real estate market zoning methodologies. The dataset, sourced from online platforms and official planning approval systems, comprised 789 commercial housing projects and 400 representative housing types. Housing price zones were first divided using Z-SCORE standardization and trend line fitting. Next, an index system was developed based on three dimensions: building type, basic functional space, and quality functional space. Development trends over the past decade were analyzed using extreme value and trend line fitting methods. Finally, Pearson correlation analysis was conducted using SPSS software to examine the relationship between housing type structure indicators and housing prices, thereby identifying key influencing factors.
　　Regarding housing price zoning, Changsha's five urban districts primarily feature medium-price and low-price areas. High-price areas are concentrated along the "two banks of the Xiangjiang river" and in the high-speed railway new town, while areas with decreasing housing prices are mainly found in the old urban area and some new urban areas. Concerning layout structure, high-value areas have expanded rapidly, mainly featuring two households per floor. These areas show significantly increasing functional space, characterized by multiple bathrooms, multiple bedrooms, and diversified quality spaces. Medium-value areas are experiencing growth rates second only to high-value areas, with slowly increasing proportions of south-facing, multi-bedroom and multi-bathroom homes, while high-quality spaces show moderate development. In low-value areas, unit sizes are small, accompanied by a decreasing proportion of basic functional spaces and delayed development of high-quality spaces. Areas with increasing values exhibit diversified types of housing, steady growth, and gradual development of high-quality spaces. Conversely, areas with decreasing values show low growth rates and declining proportions of basic functional space. Although the diversified development level of quality space is relatively high, it demonstrated a weak correlation with housing prices. With respect to the correlation between housing prices and layout structures, prices in high-value areas are closely related to areas of living and dining rooms, and the area range and area of the master bedroom. In medium-value areas, the emphasis is on the areas of living and dining rooms, as well as number of bathrooms. Low-value areas rely on kitchen area and the overall area range. In areas with increasing values, south-facing balcony width plays a significant role. However, the correlation between housing prices and layout structures is generally low in areas with decreasing values.
　　The study concludes that:
　　(1) A multi-dimensional driving mechanism, comprising resource endowment, planning policies, and economic transformation, jointly shapes the zoning pattern of housing prices.
　　(2) Under the comprehensive influence of housing demand, economy, and policies, Changsha's housing development has progressed through "basic demand phase - diversification phase - quality improvement phase", evolving the layout structure from "single basic demand' to 'multiple functions".
　　(3) Significant regional differences exist in layout structure. High-value areas emphasize innovation of high-end functional space, while medium-value areas balance quality and cost-effectiveness. Low-value areas focus on optimization of practical spaces. Areas with increasing values balance quality and innovative exploration, whereas areas with decreasing values activate spatial values through urban renewal.
　　This study establishes an analytical framework of "housing price zoning - layout structure- influencing factors", addressing a research gap concerning the correlation between housing prices and layout structures, and expanding the microscopic perspective for residential space governance. Research results provide theoretical and empirical insights for urban residential space governance, real estate policy formulation, and layout structural design optimization. However, existing data on layout structure primarily originates from plan approval documents, lacking feedback on residents' living experience. This easily leads to a gap between "design and use". Therefore, future analysis can be further deepened by incorporating surveys on living satisfaction.

Research on the Evolution Mechanism of Rural Houses and the Adaptation Strategy of "Building Industrialization" in Zhejiang Province

LOU Yinghao, CHEN Siyu, QIU Zhi, SHI Wangyi

2025, 0(07): 32-42. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-0232.2025.07.004

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As one of China's most developed regions and the birthplace of Green Rural Revival Program, Zhejiang possesses a solid foundation for rural construction with relatively abundant farmhouse resources. Against the backdrop of national carbon strategy and building industrialization policies, it is urgent to explore implementation pathways and adaptive strategies for modernized construction technologies in Zhejiang's rural housing. This is crucial for addressing prevalent issues such as inefficient traditional construction modes, a disconnect between industrialized construction systems and rural characteristics, and ambiguous farmer needs.
　　This study focused on transforming and upgrading industrialized construction technology for self-built rural housing in Zhejiang. External evolutionary laws were analyzed through field surveys from the perspectives of housing-site relationship, form, and community. The evolution of housing-site interaction was traced from natural-organic to geometric-regular patterns and from dispersed to vertically concentrated layouts. Architectural form and style evolution were characterized by shifts from diverse coexistence to homogenization and from blind worship of Western styles to Sino-Western fusion. Community changes were examined from user and builder perspectives, summarizing the technology-institution-society synergistic mechanism. Furthermore, typical production-living space types and demand patterns in Zhejiang were reviewed by analyzing changes in rural households' production-living patterns. This identified three intrinsic demand types based on functional space demands: storage-dwelling mixed-type, production-below-dwelling-above type, and vertically-separated-dwelling type.
　　Based on these insights, the study analyzed the conflict between the standardized production of building industrialization and the differentiated needs of traditional construction modes. While the former emphasizes standardization, modularity, and systematic integration, the latter highlights locality and self-consistency within low-tech approaches. This analysis established an adaptive balancing mechanism for 'building industrialization" in rural houses, integrating the external "technology-institution-society' factors with internal production-living patterns. Finally, a "prototype + adaptation" strategy for rural house 'building construction" was proposed, comprising common prototype modules (developed from functional and structural prototypes) and differentiated adaptation modules (extracting farmer-specific adaptive element demands across external envelope, interior units, and auxiliary spaces). This framework was empirically validated through a rural housing design project for hollowed village revitalization in Jianqiao Village, Zhangzhen Town. Application barriers were critically examined from technological intervention modes, craftsmen's cognitive frameworks, and policy steering mechanisms, aiming to provide references and insights for the technological transformation of self-built rural housing.
　　The intervention of building industrialization in rural areas demonstrates positive applicability, both from the perspectives of green, low-carbon, and sustainable development and the differentiated, personalized construction needs of farmhouses. An adaptive pathway for "building industrialization" in farmhouses was proposed, moving beyond the traditional logic of mere technological substitution. The synergistic design of common prototype modules and differentiated adaptation modules provides a framework for rural low-carbon transition that can be promoted. In the future, samples should be further expanded for verification, and integration pathways between low-tech craftsmanship and industrialized construction technology shall be strengthened. Key attention should be paid to the policy incentive mechanisms to foster the deep integration of enhanced quality of rural living environment and sustainable development.

Characterization of Microbial Aerosol Contamination in Public Spaces and Health Risk Assessment: A Case Study Based on Campus Buildings

WANG Wei, WU Shan, WU Junqi, HE Yanting

2025, 0(07): 43-53. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-0232.2025.07.005

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To address PM2.5 microbial aerosol contamination in the indoor environments of university campus public buildings, this study systematically analyzed the characteristics of microbial aerosol contamination and relevant health risks in teaching buildings, dormitories, and cafeterias using an interdisciplinary methodology. By combining an exposure evaluation model with microbial sampling, environmental factor monitoring, and 16S rRNA sequencing technology, the coupling relationships of spatial morphology, environmental parameters, and microbial community in these buildings were disclosed.
　　Research results revealed that indoor PM2.5 concentration was generally lower than outdoor concentrations, but showed significant differences in spatial distribution. The atrium-style vertical space in teaching buildings reduced PM2.5 concentrations by 20%~30% due to thermal buoyancy-driven ventilation. Conversely, horizontally-confined zones like dormitory corridors and cafeteria dining aisles become key pollution sites due to airflow obstruction, with peak PM2.5 concentration reaching 1.5 times that of open areas. Microflora analysis showed Proteobacteria, Bacteroidota and Firmicutes as dominant bacterial communities, with Stenotrophomonas accounting for a relatively high proportion in teaching buildings, dormitories, and cafeterias. Notably, microbial abundance in dormitory corridors was significantly higher than in other functional zones, while the relative abundance of Acinetobacter in dining areas was 30%~60% higher than in other areas, likely due to dining activities promoting microbial diffusion.
　　Analysis of the environmental driven mechanism indicted that microflora in different building types showed varying responses to environmental factors. Regarding relative microbial abundance, it correlated with PM2.5 concentration, temperature, and humidity, with PM2.5 concentration specifically showing a positive relationship. For microflora structure, PM2.5 and humidity affected microflora structures both inside and outside teaching buildings, and significantly influenced those in dormitories. In dining areas, temperature predominantly controlled microflora distribution. This difference reflected the selective construction of microbial ecological niches based on architectural functional zoning. Health risk assessments identified potential risks in dormitory corridors (HQ=0.151), bathing areas (HQ=0.148), and dining areas (HQ=0.167). The cumulative exposure risks for male workers were about 1.40 times that of female workers, primarily attributed to differences in years of occupational exposure.
　　Based on these findings, the study revealed the spatial-environmental coupling mechanism of PM2.5 microbial aerosol, offering a new perspective for the healthy design of campus buildings. Proposed spatial optimization strategies include: adopting a layout combining vertical ventilation and horizontal flow guidance; optimizing dormitory corridor width to 2.2m to improve pollutant emission efficiency; and setting a misaligned layout of bathroom entrances and corridor axes (≥30° deflection) while increasing window areas at both ends of the corridor. Regarding management strategies, dynamic ventilation regulation was implemented in high-risk areas. For example, ventilation rates were increases to ≥4 times/hour during dining hall peak hours, and dormitory directional ventilation systems were turned on during bathing hours (20:00-22:00), simultaneously controlling humidity (RH<65%) and microbial diffusion.
　　This study not only deepens understanding of microbial aerosol contamination in campus buildings but also provides scientific references for controlling health risks in public buildings. It holds significant theoretical value and practice importance. Future studies can further quantify the interaction effect between pedestrian dynamics and static building structures to refine prediction models and control systems.

Research on the Construction Mechanism and Ecological Wisdoms of Dike-Polder Settlements in Jianghan Plain: A Case Study Based on the Tianmen-Qianjiang-Mianyang Area

Wan Zhiyuan, Liu Mengxin, Pan Yingzi

2025, 0(07): 54-61. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-0232.2025.07.006

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The Jianghan Plain, which evolved from the ancient Yunmeng Marsh, serves as Central China's granary. Its dike-polder settlements represent a unique form developed over two millennia of human-water conflict. This study systematically analyzes the spatial patterns, construction mechanisms, and ecological wisdoms of these settlements in the Tianmen-Qianjiang-Mianyang region. From the perspective of "preparedness in times of peace", traditional disaster-response ecological wisdoms were extracted from these dike-polder settlements for contemporary application. This holds significant warning and referential value for ensuring the health of the human habitat in Jianghan Plain, enhancing its disaster resilience, and safeguarding national territorial space, grain production, and the safety of people's lives and property.
　　This study summarizes settlement evolution mechanisms across macro, meso and micro scales. At the macro scale, settlement contours were intelligently extracted using the AI Earth platform with a 5-pixel filtering threshold. A spatial overlay analysis of ZY-3 satellite remote sensing images and a digital elevation model (DEM) was carried out using ArcGIS. At the meso and micro scales, field surveys and spatial mapping were conducted of typical settlements like Gaoqiao Village and Qiwuling Village in Wangchang Town, Tianmen City, and Yufanfeng Village in Xiantao City. Their disaster response wisdoms were summarized by integrating terrain elevation data, water system distribution and prehistoric archaeological site data.
　　Three spatial patterns were revealed macroscopically:
　　(1) Hill-Basin settlements, distributed in the northern low hills of Tianmen (elevation 35~50 meters, 10.82%), form a vertical disaster-prevention pattern of "dwellings on ridges-fields in valleys-ponds for water storage" based on the natural ridges.
　　(2) Dike-Platform settlements, concentrated along the Han River plains (69.73%), situated as linear developments on artificially constructed platforms about 4m high, with dike crests significantly higher than historical flood levels. This achieves the dual function of habitation safety and proximity to farmland.
　　(3) Grid-Platform settlements in the southwestern lowlands (15.36%) formed the "kilometer-grid" patterned settlements (about 2m high) based on the water conservancy projects from the 1950~1960s. They form comprehensive waterlogging-resistant corridors by integrating roads, ditches, settlement buildings and polder fields. These three types of settlements reflect the environmental adaptive gradient from hills to lowlands through their construction modes.
　　A four-phase construction mechanism was refined from meso-scale and micro-scale investigations:
　　(1) "Pond digging and platform building": Earthwork balance was achieved by vertically digging 2m-deep ponds and building platforms, forming an integrated pond-platform-polder field structure.
　　(2) "Platform connection into dikes": Driven by clan proliferation (seven major surnames in Qiwuling Village), platforms were extended eastward and westward to form settlement clusters through great efforts over a century;
　　(3) "Encircling dikes into polders": A multi-level water system (main canal → branch canal → paddy field) was built by enclosing farmland with primary and secondary dikes for simultaneous irrigation and drainage.
　　(4) "Fishing, wood cutting, farming, and studyin": Ecological cycles were deepened. The pond system of "fish farming→ silt fertilizing mulberry trees→ mulberries feeding fish" was applied to support the fishing industry. Platform trees offered building materials of "catalpa wood for beams" and firewood. The ditch network of polders guaranteed farming, while peaceful living and study were realized through the elevated schools, ultimately embodying the ecological philosophy of "humanity-nature harmony".
　　These mechanisms embody three core ecological wisdoms. (1) In terms of vertical adaptation, the elevation sequence (Hill-Basin > Dike-Platform > Han River water level> Grid-Platform) progressively mitigates flood risk. (2) For resource cycling, the pond system forms a closed material flow, achieving sustainable yields of "double benefits and tenfold crop yields". (3) In facility intensification, platforms act as a "trifunctional" (production-living-ecology) carrier that integrates buildings, roads, drying yards, irrigation ditches, and shelterbelts, thus enhancing land efficiency significantly.
　　Major water conservancy projects like the Three Gorges Dam and Jingjiang Levee have shielded the Jianghan Plain from flood disasters for nearly 50 years. However, this study shows they have also led to a diminishing awareness of disaster preparedness in human habitat planning and construction within the plain. It is urgent to revive the preparedness wisdom of "deepening ponds and elevating platforms" and strengthen the Jianghan Plain's disaster resilience to safeguard national territorial space, grain production, and people's lives and property.

Research on Spatial Resource Evaluation and Renewal Models for Disused Railway Station Areas: A Case Study Based on the Western Mountainous Railways in Beijing

SHEN Minmin, WANG Yueyi, TANG Han, QIN Jian, WANG Shaohua, LI Xiao

2025, 0(07): 62-70. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-0232.2025.07.007

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This study addresses the underutilization of disused railway station spaces in the context of urban-rural public space resource allocation. Targeting renewal models were derived from a systematic classification and resource evaluation of railway station areas. A database, built from field surveys and geographic information, was used to evaluate 30 station areas along four typical railway lines in Beijing's western mountainous region, considering topography and development degree through the typological approach. These areas were divided into nine types. The spatial characteristics, typical forms, and resource potentials of each station type were systematically analyzed and evaluated, leading to the development of renewal models and strategies.
　　A review of existing theoretical and practical studies on disused railway station spaces, both domestic and international, identified key research gaps informing the subsequent investigation. The status of 30 stations along four typical railway lines in Beijing's western mountainous region was then analyzed via field surveys and literature, covering spatial forms, idle conditions, and other relevant characteristics. Subsequently, POI (Point of Interest) and area data related to three types of resources—industry, ecology and cultural tourism—were collected, and resource density and area were analyzed using ArcGIS. Stations were then classified using a clustering method to identify those with resource advantages.
　　For classification, disused railway station space was conceptualized as a spatial system comprising natural terrain, railway infrastructure, and rural settlement environments. Topographical categories were defined according to Beijing's municipal standards, and development intensity was assessed using the Spacematrix method. This approach identified nine distinct types of station areas. Subsequently, the spatial structures and organizational characteristics of each type were analyzed, their features summarized, and typical spatial cases extracted.
　　At the resource evaluation level, the distribution and prominence of spatial resources were assessed. At the railway line level, resources were categorized into industrial, ecological and cultural tourism types, with significant variations observed. For example, Jingmen Railway was predominantly characterized by ecological resources; Fengsha Railway exhibited strong ecological advantages; Liangchen Railway paid equal attention to industries and cultural tourism; and Jingyuan Railway showed relatively balanced structures. At the station area level, plain-type stations primarily emphasized industrial resources, with some potential for cultural tourism. Shallow-mountain stations typically possess both ecological and cultural tourism resources, while deep-mountain stations predominantly offer ecological value. In summary, plain-type stations are best suited for industrial regeneration, whereas shallow- and deep-mountain stations show promise for ecological and cultural tourism development.
　　Based on the preceding classification and resource evaluation, a two-level system of renewal models was proposed. At the railway line level, three renewal pathways were identified for Beijing's western mountainous railways: (1) cultural tourism-oriented renewal, emphasizing the integration of cultural heritage and natural landscapes to establish tourism corridors; (2) transport-oriented renewal, aligning with suburban railway development plans to restore commuter functions and support peri-urban tourism; and (3) ecological restoration-oriented renewal, focusing on ecological protection and sustainable green development. At the station area level, four distinct renewal models were proposed: (1) peri-urban mixed-use renewal, suitable for low-rise plain-type stations, integrating transportation and tourism functions; (2) suburban functional enhancement, targeting plain-type stations with higher development intensity to improve commercial and residential services; (3) culture-tourism integration, focusing on shallow-mountain stations and leveraging natural and industrial heritage resources; and (4) ecological conservation, applicable to deep-mountain stations, prioritizing ecological continuity with limited tourism-related facilities.
　　In summary, this study establishes a systematic framework for the classification and resource evaluation of disused railway station spaces, proposes feasible renewal models, and offers both theoretical and practical guidance for renewal design and spatial reuse, particularly in mountainous regions.

The Spatiotemporal Structure and Influencing Mechanisms of the Daily Activities of Rural Residents in Urban Fringe Areas

ZHANG Yuanlin, ZHAN Ruichi, LIU Yuting, Lin xiaoru

2025, 0(07): 71-82. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-0232.2025.07.008

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The modernization of rural life is a core issue in contemporary Chinese social construction, necessitating great concern for the daily lives of over 500 million rural residents under a "people-oriented concept". Urban fringe areas, as core geographical spaces for urban economic growth and spatial expansion, represent zones where urban and rural geographical spaces overlap and mix. Here, the living behaviors of rural residents exhibit typical 'transitional' and 'hybrid' characteristics. However, current research on urban fringe areas primarily focuses on the physical spatial level, giving relatively little attention to the living behaviors of rural residents. Therefore, this study discussed the spatiotemporal structure of daily activities of rural residents in several typical villages in the urban fringe areas of Zengcheng District, Guangzhou, along with relevant influencing mechanisms. This was achieved from macro and micro perspectives through activity logging surveys, in-depth interviews, and cluster analysis.
　　Research results revealed the following:
　　(1) At the macro level, the employment structure of rural residents shifted from solely agricultural work to a tripartite pattern encompassing pure agricultural employment, pluriactivity (combined farm and non-farm work), and non-agricultural employment. This increasing diversification of livelihood strategies led to pronounced differences in daily activity rhythms between workdays and rest days. The daily lives of rural residents present a coexistence of "urban-rural" characteristics, with a growing tendency toward urbanization.
　　(2) The daily activities of rural residents showed a hierarchical pattern of village-town-county. The village-town connection was closest, and county areas were the first choice for high-level activities. With the increasingly frequent village-county interactions, distance constraints are weakening.
　　(3) At the micro-individual level, rural residents exhibit significant differences in time allocation across different activities, forming a lifestyle pattern of "production activities on weekdays and diversified activities on rest days". There were multiple activity types, accompanied by enriching high-quality daily lives. Long-distance, diversified, and modernized leisure and consumption activities and demands increased. The lifestyle shifted from "survival-oriented" to "development-oriented".
　　Finally, the study found that institutional policy support and macro-environmental changes interact with micro-individual characteristics and residents' ideological changes jointly affecting the spatiotemporal structure of rural residents' daily activities. Policy support and guidance directly promote changes in the macro-environment, thus influencing residents' living behaviors. The objective living environment simultaneously restricts the local government's living space construction and residents' spatial behaviors. Rural residents reshape and reconstruct various types of facility space within the macro-environment through subjective initiatives, ideological changes, behavioral choices, and spatial practices, thereby indirectly influencing policy formulation pathways. Currently, the planning and development of county-town-village living facilities should be coordinated according to residents' living needs and behavioral patterns to prevent resource waste and misallocation. With continuous improvements in living standards, it is essential to enhance the co-development and shared utilization of county-level consumption and leisure facilities. Moreover, key attention should be paid to the living demands of disadvantaged groups to ensure that all residents share the fruits of rural revitalization. Given significant regional differences among rural areas in China, distinct lifestyle modes of rural residents have formed under different geographical locations and development conditions. Future studies, considering geographical conditions and village types, are needed to comprehensively explore the daily lives of rural residents.

A Study of Micro-renewal Strategies for Waterfront Public Spaces from the Perspective of Spatial Rhythm

MU Sufu, CAO Fucun

2025, 0(07): 83-93. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-0232.2025.07.009

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With the advent of the urban stock renewal phase, micro-renewal has replaced large-scale demolition and reconstruction as a key strategy for enhancing urban quality, playing a significant role in promoting the sustainable development of old urban areas. Considering a people-centered urban development approach, waterfront public spaces—fundamental elements for improving urban quality of life—must evolve from simple physical environmental improvement to human-centric spatial development. This study explored spatial forms that align with users' daily life states from the perspective of spatial rhythm, aiming to provide strategic references for the micro-renewal of aging waterfront public spaces.
　　First, a theoretical framework of spatial rhythm—composed of site ambiance, crowd rhythm, and temporal patterns—was established based on Lefebvre's rhythm analysis theory. Moreover, the applicability of spatial rhythm and micro-renewal was clarified, and a micro-level practical framework was proposed, laying foundations for strategic implementation. Second, three influencing factors were identified from the rhythm analysis theory: physical activities (primary factor), crowd density, and temporal patterns (secondary factors), along with their corresponding analytical methods. Specifically, physical activities were recorded through behavioral observation, and physical activity level was assessed using metabolic equivalents (METs). Crowd density was analyzed comprehensively by combining field surveys and Baidu Heat Map data using ArcGIS's natural breaks classification method. Thus, the theoretical framework, macro-level application model, spatial rhythm's influencing factors, and analytical method based on field survey were established.
　　Based on the established macro-level application framework and methods, four interconnected mechanisms and their internal systems were constructed, forming a comprehensive micro-renewal practice system grounded in spatial rhythm. The first mechanism elucidated the relationship between influencing factors and spatial rhythm: physical activities, crowd density, and temporal patterns each comprised three sub-elements that collectively define three spatial rhythm types (fast, slow, and regular). Crowd density and physical activities determined the rhythm type, while temporal patterns reflected variations, together shaping the daily spatial rhythm.
　　The second mechanism elaborated the definition criteria for these spatial rhythm types and temporal patterns, based primarily on rhythm analysis theory and physical activities, supported by secondary factors. This revealed how three-tiered sub-elements could form nine combination modes, and how temporal patterns and the temporal scale of rhythm revealed the variation laws of spatial rhythm; data on physical activities and crowd density within the area in the mornings, afternoons and evenings in the area were recorded, summarized and analyzed, thereby disclosing variations of rhythm.
　　The third mechanism analyzed spatial rhythm. Macro-level analysis defined the area's spatial rhythm types (mornings, afternoons, and evenings) and their correlation with spatial construction directions. Micro-level analysis examined local nodes and user activity characteristics under fast, slow, or regular rhythms, identifying nuanced crowd distribution patterns linked to specific functions, quantities, node spaces, and functional layouts.
　　Finally, the fourth mechanism involved proposing micro-renewal strategies derived from both macro and micro analyses, ensuring alignment with overall and local spatial rhythms. These four nested mechanisms constitute a complete application mechanism from theory to practice. The strategies were specifically implemented in spaces of Xinghai Bay Bathing Beach in Dalian, providing a micro-renewal strategy aligned with the site's rhythm for this old waterfront public space built in 1997.

Misalignment and Reconstruction of Landscape Architecture's Image on Social Media: A Case Study Based on Zhihu and rednote

LIU Kang, Chen Chongxian, Li Luyao

2025, 0(07): 94-104. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-0232.2025.07.010

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With the rapid development of social media, media platforms have become important bridges, channels, and references for understanding the external world. A deep analysis of the image characteristics of landscape architecture on internet social media and its complex influences, holds significant importance for the existing positioning and future development of landscape architecture in media society from a subject to an industry. This study used hotspot content (over 1,000 likes) related to "landscape design" on two representative emerging social media platforms, Zhihu and rednote, as analysis samples. For the methodology, propagation paths were analyzed by combining Lasswell's Five-Element Model with the "opinion leader" theory in communication studies. Quantitative statistics were carried out using big data analysis tools like FineBI. Moreover, the media image exhibition features and construction mechanism of landscape architecture were systematically analyzed using critical discourse analysis (CDA) from the perspectives of intuitive impressions, knowledge representation, and social practices.
　　This study found that landscape architecture presents various media image characteristics on social media platforms, such as "lagging and marginalization", "simplification and height decreasing", and "urban wonders and industrial disorders", which deviate from disciplinary development status and professional knowledge connotations.
　　Details are introduced as follows:
　　(1) Regarding intuitive impressions, discussions primarily focus on perceptual experience and industrial anxiety but pay little attention to academic research directions.
　　(2) Regarding knowledge representation, professional knowledge is simplified into visual expressions and operation skills, lacking leading theories and technological discussions, thus causing misunderstanding of "low threshold".
　　(3) Regarding social practice, design works are expressed as wonders, and industrial ecological issues are amplified through emotional narration, which further intensifies public misunderstanding and negative cognition of the industry.
　　Further analysis revealed that such media image dislocation is influenced not only by technological factors like the dominance of platform algorithms and disordered mechanism of transmission, but also thoroughly reflects structural shortages of the landscape architecture discipline and industry in terms of a knowledge spreading mechanism, the establishment of the right of speech, and practice norms.
　　To respond to challenges in knowledge spreading brought by social media and the dislocated building of the disciplinary image, the study suggests reconstructing disciplinary media images of landscape architecture via three aspects: (1) promoting the systematic intervention of disciplinary structure and industrial organization, strengthening knowledge system dissemination and public discourse expression; (2) improving media awareness and expression ability of professional members, realizing the transition from "passive misreading" to "positive construction"; and (3) building a knowledge spreading matrix with multi-platform cooperation, and systematically constructing a public-oriented knowledge spreading mechanism by integrating media such as illustrations, videos, and live broadcasting. The aim is to build a disciplinary image of landscape architecture with both professional depth and public influence in the mediated society. Limited by sample selection and differences among platforms, this study focuses only on highly-liked content on Zhihu and Rednote, and does not comprehensively cover the diversified expression of landscape architecture in more extensive social media contexts. Moreover, the dynamic process of media image over time was ignored. Future studies could increase time span and multimodal data to analyze user behaviors and compare differences across various social media platforms. This would more systematically disclose the generation logics and cognitive mechanisms of landscape architecture’s media images, and provide more specific knowledge spreading strategies for disciplinary theory establishment and practice transformation in the digital era.

Progress, Key Issues, and Main Lines of Research on China's 20th-Century Architectural Heritage from #br# 2008 to 2024#br#

LIU Jianjun, WANG Qingfeng, ZHAO Pengfei, ZHENG Hengxiang

2025, 0(07): 105-114. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-0232.2025.07.011

Abstract

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As a material carrier of historical development, social evolution, and technological innovation, 20th-century architectural heritage condenses the construction wisdom, cultural spirit, and memory of the Chinese nation over the past century. The protection and research of this heritage are not merely about the survival of material artifacts but also the inheritance of China's excellent history and culture. This study reviewed four phases of 20th-century architectural heritage protection, listing important meetings and protection charters, and summarizing the heritage concept. Furthermore, it analyzed the status of 20th century architectural heritage protection in China and listed achievements from key meetings and protection actions. While research on this heritage focuses on value, type, and management, and has yielded many outcomes, it currently lacks an overall overview.
　　To address this, 275 pieces of literature data were analyzed using CiteSpace software, from which keyword co-occurrence, clustering, and time zone maps were plotted. This study broadly focused on various architectural heritages built in the 20th century. Given limited research results around 2000, scholars' research veins on heritage protection since 2008 were reviewed to guarantee comprehensiveness and continuity. Based on the mapping information and main heritage development events, China's 20th-century architectural heritage history was divided into two phases: initial exploration (2008-2013) and diversified development (2014-2024). Through a review of policies and regulations, and academic conference initiatives, papers and publications across these phases, it was concluded that the first phase primarily referenced similar regulations, with research reflecting the current situation and proposing protection strategies. In contrast, the second phase saw legislative protection gradually expand, and research showed a multidimensional development trend. Hot research vocabularies were identified from academic initiatives and keyword frequency in the literature. The evolution characteristics of keywords in policies, regulations, and academic studies across different phases were analyzed. Based on this, three major types of current research issues were proposed—basis, theory, and application—covering management and legislation, resource census, value research, type research, regional research, architect-work-thought research, protection research, creation research, and research on World Heritage List applications. Major research contents and scholarly opinions were summarized. Current research hotspots were elaborated, and research shortages and challenges were highlighted. Basic studies were found to provide data support for theoretical studies, while such studies offered paths for application studies, and application studies provided feedback and suggestions to basic studies and theoretical studies.
　　With references to the built framework for heritage protection, four research lines on 20th-century architectural heritage protection were summarized based on a review and reflection on major issues: (1) research on heritage management and legislation; (2) research on urban renewal and protection; (3) research on type innovation and value; and (4) research on master architects and creation. The study summarizes the significance and main content of each research line, points out the key research areas, and elaborates operational research paths to address the research gaps identified in the topic section. This study aims to construct a research network of 20th-century architectural heritage, using main topics as longitude and main research lines as latitude, to establish a framework for protection research and comprehend the direction of future research. It will provide systematic academic support for deepening the scientific protection, value inheritance, innovative utilization, and international dissemination of 20th-century architectural heritage, thereby promoting China from a large heritage country to a strong heritage country.

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