Abstract: The waterfront space in Shan-Shui City is an important component of shared ecological resources and its inherent restorative value has attracted ever-growing attention from academic circles. Rooted in Chinese aesthetic traditions,  "Shan-Shui" has transcended from a mere geographical form and become a distinct category of artistic aesthetics. It is an important object for Chinese individuals to discover, perceive, and articulate aesthetics. Moreover, the concept of  "Kuang-Ao"  within Shan-Shui landscapes serves as a vital theoretical and practical foundation for space perception and feeling evaluation in Chinese landscape gardens. Hence, the evaluation of multi-scenario restorative experiences and accurate restorative paths is to disclose differences in restorative effects and internal correlation mechanisms of waterfront spaces in Shan-Shui City under human-land interactions. 
　　Guilin is famous for its charming urban environment characterized by "natural Shan-Shui" and it is a representation of Shan-Shui City in China. Based on the restorative environment and the "Kuang-Ao" theory of landscape, a case study was carried out on the landscape style of Guilin Shan-Shui City. Three public waterfront spaces along Ronghu Lake and two banks of Diecaishan within the water system of "two rivers and four lakes" were chosen as sample sites. A two-way ANOVA was carried out to assess the restorative effects of normal and privacy-oriented activities under different Kuang-Ao perception scenarios in waterfront spaces using a multi-dimensional measurement method. This method integrates classical evaluation scales of environmental psychology (perceived restorative scale (PRS) and Brief profile of mood state (BPOMS)) and biomarkers (cortisol and testosterone) of contemporary cognitive neurosciences. 
　　Results showed that the restorative effect of the "Kuang-Ru" perception was best for cortisol restoration. However, the cortisol levels of privacy-oriented activities was significantly lower than that of normal activities. Additionally, the Kuang-Ao perception and behavioral patterns had significant interactions with cortisol (p=0.008). With regards to testosterone restoration, the testosterone restorative effect of the Kuang-Ao equilibrium perception was superior to other perceptions, while the testosterone level of participants of privacy-oriented activities was also significantly higher than that of participants undergoing normal activities. According to psychological restoration effects, the "Kuang-Ru" perception takes the dominant role in influencing attention recovery of the crowd, while the "Ao-Ru" perception facilitates emotional restoration of the crowd. Moreover, the Kuang-Ao perception and behavioral patterns had significant interactions with attention (P=0.049). Specifically, the interaction paths with significant restorative effect included "Kuang-Ru perception - privacy-oriented activities - cortisol physiological restoration" path (p=0.036), "Kuang-Ru perception - privacy-oriented activities -attention restoration" path (p=0.000), and "Kuang-Ao equilibrium perception - normal activities - cortisol physiological restoration" path (p=0.008). 
　　Based on the above analysis, it can be concluded that: 1) "natural Shan-Shui" waterfront spaces with a Kuang-Ao perception have positive effects on the restoration of human physical and psychological restorations. 2) During restorative environment-behavior interactions, privacy-oriented activities have high restorative experiences and are superior to normal activities in terms of physiological and psychological restoration indexes. 3) The restorative effects of “natural Shan-Shui” waterfront spaces interact with their Kuang-Ao feature perceptions and behavioral experience modes. Environmental perceptions and behaviors influence the physical and psychological restoration of individuals. 
　　Based on reality restoration perception experiences and the evaluation technology that integrates physical and psychological dimensions, this study reveals the high restorative potentials of privacy-oriented activities and restoration performances of Kuang-Ao perceptions on specific behavioral modes. These results provide references of typology-based element control to create public spaces in modern cities oriented to high-health and with curing qualities.

Key words: Shan-Shui City, waterfront spaces, "Kuang-Ao" perception, privacy-oriented activities, restoration effect

摘要： 为了揭示人地交互情境下城市滨水空间的恢复性效应差异及内在关联路径。以桂林山水城市景观风貌为研究对象，选取榕湖及叠彩山两岸的三处滨水公共空间为样本地，采用经典量表与皮质醇、睾酮生理数据相结合的恢复性效应多维测度方法，对不同行为模式在风景旷奥感知体验下的身心恢复性进行双因素方差分析。研究发现：1）“旷如”感知有助于注意力恢复，而“奥如”感知则利于情绪恢复；2）私密性活动在生理及心理恢复表现上优于常态性活动；3）旷奥特征感知与特定行为交互影响人群的恢复性，研究得出的显著交互路径分别为：“旷如感知-私密性活动-恢复”路径和“旷奥均衡感知-常态性活动-恢复”路径。通过对滨水空间恢复性体验进行精准化路径评估，为面向高健康疗愈品质的现代城市公共空间场景营造提供要素导控依据。

关键词: 山水城市, 滨水空间, “旷奥”感知, 私密性活动, 恢复性效应