South Architecture

Historical Review and International Comparison of Maritime City Development from the Perspective of Maritime Ideology

WANG Shifu, LIAN Dongxin, LONG Haiyan, LIU Zheng

2024, 0(10): 1-09. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-0232.2024.10.001

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The maritime ideology is humankind's overall understanding of the oceans in production and life, reflecting how societies develop and use maritime resources. It is the ideological guidance for formulating maritime development strategies and constructing maritime cities in countries around the world. To better facilitate the development of modern maritime cities, it is essential to clarify the conceptual connotations, development strategies, and model evolution of maritime cities throughout history. Specifically, it has to determine the influences of variation of maritime ideology on the development of maritime cities from perspectives of geographical relationships, politics, economy, and technologies in different stages. As humankind's overall understanding of the oceans in production and life, the maritime ideology reflects how society develops and uses maritime resources. It is the guideline for forming maritime development strategies and constructing maritime cities in countries around the world. Hence, the perspective based on maritime ideology changes is conducive to understanding and recognizing the development connotations of maritime cities. In this context, the conceptual connotations of modern maritime cities were analyzed by combining a literature review and a summary of space types. Moreover, major development stages of typical classical maritime cities in the world—such as London, Rotterdam, New York, and Singapore—were recognized based on the perspective of changes in maritime ideology. Moreover, spatial evolution laws and development trends of maritime cities were elaborated thoroughly. This study finds that as hubs of high concentration and flow of maritime economy, culture, and social elements, maritime cities are the spatial carrier of the maritime ideology and present changes in trade mode, industrial mode, and service mode during the evolution of maritime ideology in colonization, post-colonization, and economic globalization. Traditional maritime cities mainly focus on meeting the basic needs of shipping, industry, and local cities. Modern maritime cities have to face fiercer global maritime competition and cope with more differential, professional, and tough urban construction requirements. Hence, modern maritime cities are a multi-dimensional spatial system with mutual influences and coexistence of connectivity, support, and levering formed by "port-city-hinterland." Combining with a historical review, China's construction of modern maritime cities shall adhere to the connection strategy dominated by land-sea overall planning, the support strategy dominated by the new productivity development, and the development path that combines with a levering strategy dominated by the cross-border collaboration in the new era emphasizing the maritime community with a shared future. This can better facilitate the construction and formation of world-level maritime city clusters.

Urban Evaluation and Enhancement Strategies of the Leading Maritime Capitals of the World in China

ZHU Chasong, CHEN Wenjun, WEN Chaoxiang

2024, 0(10): 10-16. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-0232.2024.10.002

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IIn the context of global economic integration, cities that serve as the world's leading maritime capitals possess abundant marine resources and unique maritime economic advantages. They can allocate global resources and play a crucial role in maritime development strategies, which is a significant measure for implementing the strategy of becoming a maritime power. Currently, several cities in China have proposed the goal of establishing themselves as the leading maritime capitals of the world or similar objectives. However, it is essential to evaluate these cities' foundational development and current status, and determine the construction direction of the world's leading maritime capitals. This study established an evaluation system covering five key dimensions—shipping, maritime finance and laws, maritime technology, ports and logistics, and urban competitiveness and attractiveness—according to the maritime level, centrality, and globality of the leading maritime capitals of the world. The system was applied for the comprehensive evaluation of development foundations and status of 14 cities. These 14 cities were divided into four types according to evaluation results, and development suggestions were proposed for different types of the world's leading maritime capitals. Results show that (1) the leading maritime capitals of the world can be divided into four types. A) The comprehensive type contains Shanghai and Hong Kong. These two cities have outstanding performances in all dimensions and have significant advantages in shipping, maritime finance, maritime technology, and port and logistics. They also rank at the top in terms of urban competitiveness and attractiveness. B) The professional type contains Guangzhou, Ningbo, Qingdao, Xiamen, and Dalian. These cities have professional advantages and strong competitiveness in specific fields. For example, Ningbo performed remarkably in port and logistics, while Qingdao performed outstandingly in maritime technology. C) The potential type covers Shenzhen and Tianjin. Although the overall score of these cities is moderate, they show potential to be the world's leading maritime capitals. D) The final type is cities like Fuzhou and Quanzhou. Maritime-related industries in these cities are underdeveloped and have a weak foundation as the world's leading maritime capitals. (2) The leading maritime capitals of the world are in a gradient distribution of "double comprehensive cities, five professional cities and multiple potential cities." With respect to spatial distribution, the comprehensive type and professional type are mainly distributed across the Southeast coast of China, with significant features of "strong in south and weak in north." The regional development imbalance is relatively prominent. (3) Based on the assessment results, three strategies for improvement were proposed for different types of cities according to their current status and characteristics. First, it is suggested that international cooperation be deepened to increase the global influence of the maritime economy. As comprehensive global maritime capitals, Shanghai and Hong Kong shall develop the maritime digital economy and technological innovation, improve the maritime resource development and shipping logistics intelligence level by using advanced technology, and develop new quality productivity in the maritime sector. Moreover, Shanghai should fully leverage its strategic role in the Yangtze River Delta and the Yangtze River Economic Belt, while Hong Kong should closely collaborate with Shenzhen, particularly in key areas such as maritime financial services, to achieve complementary development. Second, it should strengthen urban alliances and build a cluster of global maritime capitals. Professional maritime capitals should develop high-tech maritime industries and form an innovation-driven maritime economic development mode based on the coastal economic belt. Finally, it should explore urban characteristics to cultivate new supports for maritime economic growth. Potential maritime capitals should determine their development directions and realize complementary growth through the cooperation of different regions.

The Dilemmas and Solutions to the Construction of the International Hub Seaport under New Globalization: #br# A Case Study Based on Shenzhen Port#br#

ZHAO Miaoxi, YAO Yuexi, ZHANG Qiaojia, JIA Siqi

2024, 0(10): 17-25. DOI: 1000-0232（2024）10-0017-09

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A new globalization pattern has been forming gradually under the influences of major events like disaster impacts, geopolitical tensions, and trade conflicts. Hence, China has proposed the concept of New Globalization, which advocates equality and win-win cooperation to better cope with the emerging anti-globalization trend. As an important infrastructure power source for opening up and economic development, ports are central to achieving the new globalization. Shenzhen is a key gateway for China's opening up, and Shenzhen Port is a world-class container hub port. Developing Shenzhen Port as an international hub seaport is a crucial step in building the global oceanic hub city and maritime power, and it has significant importance to developing other ports in China. Considering the current international and domestic shipping trade context and the gaps in existing research on international hub seaports and Shenzhen Port, this study first elaborates on the strategic connotations of international hub seaports from perspectives of their functional positioning and characteristics such as global reach, centrality, and driving force. Moreover, it identifies the construction tasks of international hub seaports from the ports themselves, port-to-port relations, port–city relations, and port–industry relations according to their development trends. Second, it considers the advantages of Shenzhen Port in terms of nature and location, berths and routes, and hinterland and market and highlights the available conditions to develop it as an international shipping hub. Third, it concludes that Shenzhen Port faces three challenges based on the regional perspective according to references to typical international shipping centers: poor traffic transformation mechanism, internal and external competition, and significant shortages of high-end shipping services. 1) Shenzhen Port has low sea-rail intermodal efficiency, significant pressure in urban traffic congestion, great conflicts between collection-distribution traffic and urban traffic, and a notable gap between the port's transportation conversion mechanism and its orientation. 2) Guangzhou Port and Hong Kong Port have some advantages compared with Shenzhen Port. These three ports are suppressed mutually in terms of resources and market. In the Shenzhen Port, violent negative competition exists between the east and west regions due to poor management. 3) The high-end shipping services at Shenzhen Port are highly underdeveloped, which falls far behind international shipping center levels. Finally, countermeasures were proposed to Shenzhen Port from five aspects based on practical conditions and development dilemmas: 1) perfect the external shipping network layout. Shenzhen Port shall increase the density and strength of international routes, enhance the new channels linking Southeast Asia with the China-Europe Railway Express via Shenzhen Port, and strengthen cooperation with major international ports such as Singapore. 2) Promote the regional combination port model. Shenzhen Port shall combine with other ports to build a combination port system centered on Shenzhen Port and strengthen connections with inland ports to expand regional influence. 3) Optimize division of labor among ports in Shenzhen and traffic organizations. Shenzhen Port shall determine the functions of the east and west regions based on the urban economic structure and perfect the collection-distribution network by establishing a high-efficiency "port-rail-road" integrated transportation system. 4) Deepen quality and efficiency improvement of shipping services based on modes and supply of high-end shipping services. 5) Facilitate the smart and green port transformations of ports. Shenzhen Port should promote the element intelligence of infrastructure and operations as well as digitalization of efficient operations and information integration. It is recommended to facilitate technological innovation, structural upgrading, and management optimization in green ports. Through a comprehensive analysis of the current status and orientation of Shenzhen Port, these recommendations aim to provide deeper insights into the potential and development directions of the port and provide more precise strategies to support its development as an international hub seaport.

Application of Natural Mechanism Simulation to Suitable Areas for Mangrove: A Case Study of Mangrove Restoration Planning in Chengcun Bay, Yangjiang, Guangdong#br#

#br#

CHEN Jian, DAI Tianshu, YANG Yiyuan, LAI Wenbo

2024, 0(10): 26-36. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-0232.2024.10.004

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Mangroves are unique coastal ecosystems found in tropical and subtropical regions. Due to climate change disturbance and human activities in the coastal ecological environment, the area of mangroves in China has drastically decreased. Since the mangrove restoration projects in China, significant progress has been made in protecting and restoring mangroves, gradually increasing the areas. However, the survival rate of newly planted mangroves remains low. There are two primary reasons. (1) There is insufficient consideration of the compatibility between suitable environments and the characteristics of mangrove species, thus lacking an objective understanding of the natural laws for suitable mangrove areas. (2) Due to the long restoration of mangroves, there is a lack of an effective means to evaluate and judge the artificial intervention dynamic changes of suitable environmental elements. To further expand the suitable mangrove area and increase their survival rate, research on mangrove restoration planning based on numerical simulation was carried out from quantitative indicators related to natural mechanisms. The dynamic process of suitable environments for mangroves under the action of natural mechanism was exhibited intuitively by using numerical simulation tools. Moreover, the natural restoration effect of mangroves under artificial intervention was predicted. This makes it possible to create stable natural mangrove landscapes and build special landscape values while increasing mangroves restoration efficiency. This study conducted a numerical simulation of the natural mechanism for suitable mangrove areas in Chengcun Bay, Yangjiang, Guangdong. The mangrove restoration was judged, planned, designed, and evaluated.
　　First, a quantitative indicator system was summarized based on the natural mechanism of suitable mangrove areas. A total of seven key factors related to natural mechanisms and mangrove growth were determined by reviewing suitable indicators corresponding to suitable habitat, including tidal level, elevation, salinity, inorganic nitrogen, active phosphorus, flow rate, and wave height, thus establishing the indicator system for natural mechanisms of suitable mangrove areas.
　　Second, the natural mechanism of suitable mangrove areas in Chengcun Bay was simulated by using a hydrodynamic module (HD), mud transport module (MT), advection-dispersion module (AD), and spectral wave module (SW) of the MIKE21 software. The indicator system for suitable mangrove areas was brought into the simulation results of a suitable environment, thus evaluating the suitable mangrove areas in Chengcun Bay comprehensively.
　　Finally, the mangrove restoration plan in Chengcun Bay was guided by the simulation results. Hydrodynamic channels, groins, or offshore breakwaters are built through the restoration strategy of "centered at natural restoration, supplemented by some artificial intervention," aiming to improve the suitable mangrove areas. The numerical simulation method was applied to supplement the full-process mangrove restoration plan, and the plan's feasibility was verified through simulations. It concluded that the suitable mangrove areas in Chengcun Bay could be improved by dredging tidal channels and constructing U-shaped offshore breakwater groups.

Exploration of an Urban Renewal Evaluation Method Based on Stock Spatial Assets: A Case Study Based on the Central Urban Area of Jiangmen City#br#

#br#

CAI Zhilei, DENG Yuqing, LIU Yufei, CHEN Yueyi

2024, 0(10): 37-48. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-0232.2024.10.005

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As the value orientation of urban renewal objectives shifts, there is a growing emphasis on the sustainability of urban renewal, which is determined by the balance between the inputs and outputs of redevelopment projects. Such balance encompasses both the short-term static equilibrium during the redevelopment phase and the potential for long-term fiscal dynamic equilibrium. Most existing urban renewal assessment methods predominantly focus on short-term economic feasibility, which may somewhat deviate from the value orientation of contemporary urban renewal goals. By introducing the "asset-based" theory, an evaluation method for urban renewal based on stock spatial assets was proposed to achieve long-term comprehensive benefits in urban renewal. In the early value evaluation of urban renewal, the possibility of the long-term effective operation of assets was analyzed from the macroscopic perspective. First, stock spatial assets in central urban areas were identified based on physical assets, social assets, human assets, and the three categories of property rights holders (including government, enterprises, and individuals) from five aspects of low-efficiency land use, idle buildings, available resources, fundamental value, and willingness to renew. Second, the scope of redevelopment patches within the land and the method of renewal and renovation were determined. Five aspects of the stock spatial asset pool were evaluated according to value orientations of industrial space, residential space, and service space using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and the Delphi method. Finally, the expectations of identifying different redevelopment entities, including government, owners, and enterprises, to the reutilization of stock resources were noted. The implementation methods and strategies for realizing stock spatial asset value were determined with comprehensive considerations of value recognition and evaluation results of stock spatial assets under different space types and reconstruction modes.
　　The study finds that areas with high stock spatial asset value in residential spaces in the central urban area of Jiangmen exhibit a polycentric pattern. The reconstruction focuses on utilizing physical and human assets, with the government and individuals as the primary property rights holders. It can bring sustainable operational incomes from taxes and rents by introducing social capital, resident fee usage, and government coordination to maintain a balanced urban renewal budget. Key attention is paid to environmental upgrading and multi-party management strategies. The stock spatial assets of industrial spaces are in the geometric center of the central urban area in Jiangmen City, with a gradual decrease in peripheral regions. The involved types of stock spatial assets are mainly comprised of physical and social assets, and government and enterprises are the primary property rights holders. The reconstruction involves large-scale social capital introduction, regional upgrading, and functional transformation strategies through government coordination, enterprise leadership, and large-scale renovation. The stock spatial assets of service spaces are primarily located in the centers of Baisha Street and Huicheng Street, mainly covering physical and social assets, where government and enterprises are the primary property rights holders. It aims to convert idle service spaces into active places with economic value. The strategies of service updating and effective long-term operations can be implemented through government leadership, enterprise operation, and organic renewal.
　　In the current context of urbanization, cities have entered into a phase of stock development. Jiangmen City represents many developing cities. They are shifting from a traditional demand-based urban renewal planning model to an asset-based sustainable development model. This can stimulate the intrinsic motivation for renewal and promote the development and self-construction of stock spaces by viewing stock conditions as assets. The urban renewal evaluation method is optimized based on the reuse of stock spatial assets. The urban renewal planning framework based on assets will provide a theoretical foundation and some analytical methods for urban renewal.

Impact of Built Environment on Walking Efficiency from the Perspective of Healthy Cities: A Case Study Based on the Core Area of Chengguan District in Lanzhou City

DU Sen, QIAN Bicheng, WANG Jiaxin, WANG Lining

2024, 0(10): 49-59. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-0232.2024.10.006

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Effects of Campus Environment in Middle Schools on Adolescent Health Promotion: An Empirical Test on Mediating Effect of Physical Activity#br#

XU Jiejing, LIU Kai, QIU Wenhang

2024, 0(10): 60-70. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-0232.2024.10.007

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Physical activity can reduce the incidence of excess weight or obesity, depression, and anxiety and enhance social interaction. Schools are the best places to promote health through physical activity. Adolescents in middle school are generally less physically active, so physical activities during recess and lunch breaks can positively affect their health. To fully develop promoting health in the campus environment, it is important to explore the relationships between adolescent health, the campus environment, and physical activities and improve the quality of the campus environment accordingly.
　　This paper reports on an empirical study of the effects of campus environment on adolescent health promotion, which used the structural equation model (SEM) with physical activity as the mediating variable. First, the campus environmental characteristic factors that influence adolescent health were recognized by using the grounded theory. Second, a hypothesis model of influencing paths of campus environment on adolescent health promotion was determined. A SEM was built by using physical activity as the mediating variable and health promotion effect as the dependent variable. In the SEM, demographic characteristics (including gender, grade, and classroom floor) and adolescents' living habits (ways of getting to school) were added as the control variables. Finally, data were collected through a questionnaire survey. A pre-survey was conducted, and the questionnaire was optimized and adjusted based on the results. Subsequently, the formal questionnaire survey was carried out.
　　Results showed that (1) campus environmental factors influencing adolescent health promotion include environmental quality, functional services, and activity support. (2) H1 passed the verification partially, while H2, H3, and H4 all passed the verification. H1a (environmental quality has obvious positive effects on adolescent health) and H1b (functional service has obvious positive effects on adolescent health) failed the significance test. (3) Campus environment influences health promotion directly or through the mediating effect of physical activities. Specifically, activity support can influence health promotion directly and indirectly through physical activity. However, environmental quality and functional services only influence health promotion indirectly through physical activity. (4) Physical activity mediates the action mechanism of the campus environment to health promotion, and the mediating effect of activity intensity is stronger than that of activity breadth. The effects of environmental quality on activity breadth are stronger than on the activity intensity. The effects of functional service on activity intensity are stronger than on the activity breadth. The effects of activity support on activity intensity are stronger than on the activity breadth. Architectural modeling is the most important factor influencing environmental quality. Stairwells, exhibition promotion, and signage are critical for functional service. Summer shading, road attraction, and activity facilities are crucial for activity support.
　　This study has some limitations: (1) the study area focusing on Wuhan City may lead to insufficient research conclusions. More empirical studies around China can be carried out in future; and (2) since the objectively measured campus environmental factors are ignored, it is impossible to compare differences between subjectively and objectively measured campus environments in terms of adolescent health promotion. In future studies, subjectively and objectively measured campus environmental factors can be involved simultaneously.

The Modern Spatial Configuration of Lingnan Gardens: A Case Study of Guangfu Garden in Guangzhou Cultural Center

Deng Xinyu, Ni Yang, Yuan Wei

2024, 0(10): 71-82. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-0232.2024.10.008

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Lingnan region, represented by Guangzhou, is the major distribution area of Lingnan gardens. Influenced by the hot and humid climate in Lingnan region, Lingnan gardens are closely related to nature: they are characteristic of compact overall layouts, flexible spatial structures and lightsome architectural forms, with attention to microclimate regulation. Courtyards are the key units in the spatial layout of Lingnan gardens, where houses, yards, gardens, and corridors are organically combined into courtyard spaces with different scales and forms. On this basis, dual-yard or multi-yard space types are established through series connection, juxtaposition, dislocation, and other layout modes of different courtyard spaces, thus further establishing the hierarchical courtyard space system.
　　Guangfu Garden in the Guangzhou Cultural Center is designed around gardens that focus on exploring the design patterns of garden spaces in modern cultural architecture. Specifically, its overall layout inherits the traditional Lingnan garden pattern of “front courtyard and back garden.” There are ordered courtyards in the north, open landscape gardens in the middle, and semi-open modern gardens in the south. Courtyard organization is the core of the whole layout, and the overall design path of courtyard spaces flows from the figure–ground relationship to planning form, unit creation, and then climate adaptation.
　　The courtyard unit spaces in Guangfu Garden use houses, gardens, corridors, and landscapes as the basic elements. There are more than 10 courtyard units with different shapes in Guangfu Garden, which form the courtyard space system around several transition spaces. The organization strategy of courtyard unit spaces is introduced as follows:
　　1) Spatial Composition of Courtyard: Enclosure and Interfaces
　　The courtyard unit spaces of Guangfu Garden are composed of enclosures and interfaces. It reflects the uniformity of functional demands and spatial contexts through design methods like form control, interface coordination, and landscape organization, showing more than 10 changing morphological features and distinct spatial language from north to south in the garden.
　　2) Spatial Structure of the Garden: Contrast, Hierarchy, and Sequence
　　Guangfu Garden utilizes contrast, hierarchy, and sequence as mechanisms for correlating garden spatial structures. The organization of gardens in the north, middle, and south highlights the order of courtyard spatial structures and exhibits the hierarchy of overall courtyard spatial sequences through the contrasting design of adjacent courtyards, bridging of node courtyards, and rhythmic coordination of continuous courtyards.
　　3) Spatial Landscape of the Garden: Paths and Visions
　　The corridors of Guangfu Garden are spread around so tourists can enjoy panoramic, multi-angle, and multi-distance landscape appreciation. Therefore, the landscapes of Guangfu Garden have a three-dimensional and hierarchical sense of foreground, middle ground, and background in different scenes.
　　4) Microenvironment Regulation of the Garden Space: Climate Adaptation
　　A climate adaptive design method for systematic coordination from group layout, structural relationship, architectural form, and landscape configuration is explored for comprehensive micro-environmental control in the courtyard units of Guangfu Garden. It realizes self-shading based on building volumes, eaves, and corridors; guides natural wind through the flexible organization of garden spaces, courtyards, and cool corridors; and provides evaporative cooling by combining trees, shrubs, greenery, and water bodies. Finally, it achieves the comprehensive efficiency of ventilation, heat insulation, shading, and cooling.
　　The architectural construction of Guangfu Garden represents one theoretical reflection and practical exploration of courtyards in modern Lingnan garden architecture. Using the courtyard as the creative center reflects the design strategy for connecting elements and the overall courtyard spatial structure in Guangfu Garden. It has practical significance in inheriting the unique construction text of traditional Lingnan gardens and seeking modern translation methods of Lingnan architecture.

Thermal Environment Risk Assessment and Optimization of Urban Residents in Hot and Humid Climate: #br# A Case Study Based on Shenzhen City#br#

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LI Mingqian, WANG Chunxiao

2024, 0(10): 83-93. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-0232.2024.10.009

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The urban heat island effect is intensifying in response to rapid urbanization, which has caused substantial impacts on the health, stability, and sustainability of cities. Therefore, how to accurately recognize key regions of high-temperature supply-demand imbalance in urban streets and conduct high-temperature relief in cities is an urgent topic that current society must solve. A case study based on Shenzhen was carried out. First, indicators were chosen from three influencing factors—risks, exposure, and vulnerability—based on the supply and demand of ecosystem services. Then, the demand for thermal environmental regulation services was calculated using the analytic hierarchy process and entropy value method to characterize the demand level of thermal environmental regulation services in urban streets and make spatial autocorrelation analysis. Second, the thermal environmental regulation service supply was calculated from the cold island effect provided by the blue-green spaces to characterize the supply capacity of thermal environmental regulation services in urban streets and make spatial autocorrelation analysis. Finally, quadrant division and spatial matching were applied to the comprehensive supply-demand indicators gained through Z-score normalization. Later, the priority order of planning intervention was gained through the priority index. Results show that 1) there is a significant spatial heterogeneity in the demand level of thermal environment regulation services in Shenzhen, with an overall spatial distribution pattern of "high in the west and low in the east." High-demand areas are predominantly located in subdistricts primarily characterized by residential zones and central business districts. 2) The demand level of heat environment regulation services in Shenzhen exhibits an overall spatial distribution pattern of "low in the west and high in the east". There is an inverse relationship between local spatial clustering and demand levels, indicating that blue-green space planning plays a significant role in cooling effects. 3) In Shenzhen, 32 subdistricts face supply shortages in the low supply-high demand state in thermal environment regulation services. These subdistricts are primarily residential and commercial areas with high population and building densities and insufficient blue-green space provision. In contrast, 27 subdistricts are in the high supply-low demand state. These subdistricts are adjacent to large natural parks, forests, and mountainous areas, with abundant green space and water resources. They provide significant thermal environment regulation capacity for Shenzhen and should be prioritized for protection. 4) The study area is classified into five different intervention priority levels according to the priority index. Among them, seven subdistricts are identified as high-priority areas, predominantly concentrated in the central urban area and its surrounding districts. Generally speaking, key areas of supply-demand imbalance are identified through the overall planning of the supply-demand relationships. Moreover, the priority index can more clearly determine the priority of urban heat regulation to make specific planning strategies. This guarantees the scientific distribution of limited ecological resources and service functions to first meet the needs of groups and regions. This study cannot only provide references to make plans and emergency management pre-arranged plans for Shenzhen and similar cities but also disclose spatial features between ecological land use and thermal environment, thus enabling the coping with challenges brought by thermal risks in the future.

Study On Verification And Optimization Of Space Performance Of Residential Solar Energy Utilization In Huangyuan, Qinghai Province

CHENG Hui, YAO Chengqin, LI Xin

2024, 0(10): 94-104. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-0232.2024.10.010

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Qinghai Province, on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, experiences long and cold winters with significant daily temperature fluctuations. As such, all residential properties must have high thermal insulation performance. At the same time, Qinghai boasts abundant solar energy resources, with high annual sunshine duration and strong radiation intensity providing excellent conditions for the widespread application of passive solar design in dwellings. This study focuses on dwellings in Huangyuan County, Qinghai Province, which feature both modern characteristics and traditional aesthetics. Through field surveys and systematic data collection, the utilisation of passive solar energy in these dwellings was identified and its practical application was analysed. Based on the performance of solar energy spaces, horizontal sunshine rooms, vertical sunshine rooms, courtyard sunshine rooms, double-story walls, and buffer spaces were analysed. Using the simulation tool Design Builder, a typical dwelling case was modelled and validated, with a detailed performance analysis of the extracted spaces utilising solar energy. Based on the results, some optimisation strategies were proposed:
　　(1) Integrate a horizontal sloping sunshine room into the building's roof. Simulation results indicate that incorporating an inclined sunspace (15°) into residential roofs has the most significant impact on increasing indoor temperatures. The temperature can be raised by approximately 0.7 to 4.5 °C within 24 hours.
　　(2) Add a vertical sunshine room to the south side of the building. The depth of the sunshine room significantly affects both building energy consumption and indoor temperature. For linear-shaped and L-shaped buildings, increasing the depth of the sunshine room leads to a rise in the temperature of the main rooms, but also increases energy consumption. Therefore, the sunshine room depth should meet functional requirements, with a reasonable range of 1.5 to 2.4 meters. For U-shaped buildings, when the sunshine room aligns flush with the building to form a linear-shaped plane, the building's heat collection, storage and distribution capacities are optimised, resulting in a notable temperature increase in key functional rooms. Considering energy consumption and other factors, a sunshine room depth of 2.4 to 3 meters is more appropriate for U-shaped buildings.
　　(3) Add a glass courtyard sunshine room to the courtyard. This enhances the thermal insulation of the dwelling, reducing heat loss at night, but also limiting heat gain during the day. Overall, it increases the temperature of the main rooms by approximately 0.1 to 0.4℃.
　　(4) Use a double-story wall structure for the northern and eastern exterior walls. Simulations revealed that when double-story walls are applied on both the east and north sides of the building, the hourly temperature increase in each room becomes significant, with a rise of approximately 0.56 to 1.47℃.
　　(5) Strategically arrange auxiliary rooms as buffer spaces. To address the heat demand of primary rooms, prioritise their placement in the order of bedroom > living room > kitchen and other auxiliary rooms. Position bedrooms on the southern side to directly benefit from solar radiation, while situating auxiliary rooms on the northern or eastern side of the main building to minimise heat loss from the bedrooms. Additionally, integrate the kitchen within the main building based on its spatial relationship with the main building. This allows primary functional areas, such as bedrooms and living rooms, to benefit from the kitchen's heat source, thereby improving indoor temperatures. Moreover, connecting the kitchen space with the main rooms through a vertical sunshine room can enhance the spatial quality of the dwelling.
　　The horizontal sloping sunshine room in the roof space, the specifically shaped vertical sunshine room on the south side, the double-story wall structure and the auxiliary room as a buffer space together have a remarkable effect of increasing temperatures and saving energy, which are key means to improve the indoor physical environment of Huangyuan residential buildings in winter while also making full use of the solar energy resources of the plateau. Although the effect of the glass courtyard sunshine room is relatively small, its contribution to the insulation and improvement of the quality of the indoor space cannot be ignored and can be used to supplement the overall strategy. In the future, best practice should combine specific project features, used flexibly and in combination. This will allow the optimisation of the proposed strategies to achieve high efficiency, increased comfort and energy-saving goals for Huangyuan residential dwellings during the harsh winter season.

Research on Dynamic Protection Governance Mode of Traditional Villages from the Perspective of #br# Self-organization Theory#br#

#br#

XU Xiaodong, WANG Jingrui

2024, 0(10): 105-115. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-0232.2024.10.011

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Most studies on the dynamic protection of traditional villages emphasize matching between village planning and regional context under government intervention, as well as coordination between architecture and site, life and industrial development. However, it lacks essential attention to daily activities, spatial reconstruction behaviors, and mechanisms that villagers have formed over an extended period. Against the background of traditional villages' increasing deterioration, how to review the top-down intervention of government sectors and bottom-up participation issues of villagers are the highly concerned keys and challenges during dynamic protection and utilization of traditional villages.
　　As the basic component of system science, the self-organization theory covers the two foundational concepts of "self-organization" and "other-organization". Research concerning self-organization has attracted wide attention from Chinese scholars in recent years. However, there’s still insufficient attention to self-organization during the protective development of the vast countryside, especially traditional villages. This study seeks to integrate the theoretical perspective of self-organization into the context of other-organization systems of government sectors. The characteristics of villagers' independent participation and the problems and challenges of daily spatial protective development were reviewed. Since the other-organization system of government sectors cannot fully meet the needs of the protective utilization of traditional villages, the "black and white" mode increases the difficulties of villages' daily space use. This might cause insufficient vitality in traditional villages and bring difficulties in sustainable development.
　　This study proposes the governance mechanism and self-organization strategies for the dynamic protection of traditional villages and reflects on the innovative thinking for traditional village governance, aiming to disclose the internal correlations among space forms, organization mode, and behavioral activities. Results can provide innovative ideas and technical paths to dynamic protection and updating traditional villages. First, it should strengthen the effective combination and balance between government planning and control and daily life practices of villages, and adhere to technical pathways of "point acupuncture and resource sharing," "linear connection and interface control," and "non-point activation and spatial production", aiming to realize sustainable development, activation, and updating of traditional villages. Second, it should improve supplementation and support for villagers' daily life practices to government intervention and strengthen "information linkage, supply-demand balance," "situational integration, flexible penetration," and "dynamic evolution, cultural substitution." Finally, it should make full use of the behaviors of the mediating architects, facilitate the connection and organic integration between "theory" in the other-organization system and "emotion" in the self-organization system, forming the new dynamic protection modes with the coexistence of "top-down" other-organization system and "bottom-up" self-organization system. Specifically, government sectors control the overall spatial layout for the dynamic protection of traditional villages based on relevant policy orientation, while villagers can supplement and correct the schemes. Such cooperation can provide innovative ideas and technical paths for the sustainable development and revitalization of traditional villages with up-and-down linkage and integration of feelings and rationality.

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