South Architecture

Spatial Characteristics and Layout of Small Commercial Facilities under the Influence of Online Supply and Demand: A Case Study based on Catering Facilities in Beijing

CAO Shuyi, ZHANG He, HE Jing, YANG Tianyu

2024, 0(3): 1-10. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-0232.2024.03.001

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In the context of digitalization, online consumption has become a new trend. The trend of integrated online and offline catering supply and demand is increasingly prominent rather than limited within the traditional urban commercial distribution. Previous studies have mainly analyzed the layout mechanism of urban catering facilities under the influence of the online-to-offline (O2O) catering mode by comparing traditional spatial distribution patterns with take-out shops. However, there has been insufficient research on how supply-demand evolutions influence the spatial layout of online and offline catering facilities; the spatial layout mechanism of catering facilities with consideration of both supply and demand is rarely discussed.
　　In this study, the distribution characteristics of catering shops in Beijing under the influence of different types of online supply and demand were compared based on the classification of online catering facilities. Additionally, the degree of influence of factors on supply-demand, transfer links in the spatial layout of catering facilities, and the geological spatial variation of regression coefficients of typical influencing factors, were analyzed. The results provide a useful reference for planning the layout of small commercial facilities that integrate online and offline channels in the city.
　　Data was from the Dazhong Dianping website about catering shops in Beijing in August 2020. Catering facilities were divided into four types based on their online mode, including traditional type, home delivery type, store service type, and comprehensive type. An influencing factor system of O2O catering spatial layout, which covered the supply end, transfer links, and demand end was built. The spatial distribution characteristics of catering facilities were analyzed by standard deviational ellipse, kernel density, and hotspot analysis. On this basis, the dependence of catering shops on the geographic center, peripheral diffusion in the central city, and the spatial distribution characteristics of the online rate under the influence of different types of online supply and demand were compared. The degree of influence of supply end, demand end, and transfer links factors on the spatial layout of catering were analyzed by multiple linear regression and geographic weighted regression. The geographical spatial variation of regression coefficients of typical influencing factors was further analyzed.
　　This study aimed to disclose the spatial distribution laws of different types of catering facilities as well as differences in the factors influencing layout under the influence of online supply and demand through the path of "spatial distribution characteristics-layout influencing mechanism-differentiated spatial layout mechanism". The results can provide guidance and reference for the optimization of the spatial layout of small-sized business facilities represented by catering in future cities.
　　The results showed that the commercial spatial distribution of different online modes was differentiated. If the online mode was greater, catering spaces where services concentrated more at the supply end tended to agglomerate in the center. The commercial layout laws based on the central place theory were still applicable. However, changes in key nodes of the supply and demand ends caused by online distribution caused differentiation of key layout factors and the layout mechanism. Site selection competition of small-sized commercial facilities in urban areas radiated from the center to the suburbs and transferred from traditional downtown areas to major population distribution areas in the suburbs.
　　In the context of online supply and demand, the development of an online platform changed the emphasis of catering services on the supply and demand ends and also influenced the distribution laws of catering spaces. Hence, urban commercial facilities needed to adapt. During the configuration of small-sized commercial facilities in future cities, it is suggested that the functional configuration be refined in accordance with the supply-demand matching characteristics of the business mode and that differentiated spatial layouts be adopted for services that are concentrated at the supply or demand end.

Research on Spatial Vitality Characteristics of Commercial Blocks in Hangzhou and Influencing Factors: An Empirical Study of Hangzhou Hubin Commercial Blocks based on Multi-source Data

XIONG Zhuorui

2024, 0(3): 11-19. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-0232.2024.03.002

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In response to China's urban development transformation, the planning and development of commercial blocks have evolved to emphasize both the built environment and spatial vitality. The built environment of commercial blocks is the spatial carrier of their vitality. Therefore, it is necessary to study the relationship between the built environment of commercial blocks and their vitality through more objective, comprehensive, and accurate evidence-based analyses. The factors influencing the vitality of local commercial blocks also need investigation using the new technologies and new methods of the information era, to provide references for the planning and design of commercial blocks and to promote urban social economic development.
　　A case study based on the Hangzhou Hubin Commercial Blocks was performed. The vitality of the commercial blocks was divided into social vitality and economic vitality based on urban quantitative research methods and multi-source refined data. Additionally, the built environment of the commercial blocks was divided into location conditions, traffic organization, spatial morphology, and functional properties. On this basis, a multidimensional index system was built. Indexes influencing the vitality of the commercial blocks in various indexes characteristic of the built environment were identified by multiple sets of multiple linear regression models from the perspectives of blocks and plots. The nature and methods of influence of these indexes on the vitality of the commercial blocks were explored, thus disclosing the internal relationship between the built environmental characteristics of the commercial blocks and their vitality.
　　The study showed the following. 1) In the Hangzhou Hubin Commercial Blocks, the comprehensive vitality presented a distribution pattern of "one core and one axis". The region near the Gonglian CC Building was viewed as the core circle, Yan'an Road as the major south-to-north axis, with radiation surrounding it. The vitality of the commercial blocks mainly depended on passenger flow from the subway. 2) Divided by the south-to-north axis in the vitality distribution pattern, the concentration of social vitality in the west differed significantly between weekdays and weekends, showing an obvious holiday effect formed by the gathering of consumers or tourists. The social vitality in the east was generally similar on weekdays and weekends, showing a relatively stable daily block vitality formed by diversified social lives. 3) Functional density was the primary index influencing comprehensive vitality, with strong positive effects. The distance to the nearest subway entrance and exit, functional mixing degree, and morphological compactness were secondary influencing indexes, which had some negative influences on comprehensive vitality. For the Hangzhou Hubin Commercial Blocks, an increasing degree of functional aggregation and a short distance to subway stations promoted vitality but the high functional mixing degree and morphological compactness of concentrated blocks decreased vitality to some extent.
　　After the Group of Twenty (G20) Summit, the upgrading and transformation of Yan'an Road and the Hubin Pedestrian Zone consolidated and promoted urban vitality in the "one core and one axis" area of the Hangzhou Hubin Commercial Blocks. To alleviate the pressure of the commercial flow and traffic flow caused by the high concentration of people in the "one core and one axis", the Hangzhou Hubin Commercial Blocks need to improve the vitality of secondary commercial axes and radiate to a wider scope of commercial blocks from the axis to the surfaces, thereby improving the overall vitality of the blocks.

Research Progress and Trends in Urban Public Space Experience under the Assistance of Digital Technology

DONG Wen, DAI Donghui

2024, 0(3): 20-31. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-0232.2024.03.003

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In the new stage of high-quality urban development, public space is of great significance in improving the quality of the human environment. From a humanistic perspective, there is growing attention on exploring how space is experienced by people and its complex relationships with environmental features. The new demand for the humanized and refined construction of public space has posed a new challenge to design modes based on traditional analytical tools (e.g., questionnaire research and field observations) as well as the relatively ambiguous and subjective experiences of designers.
　　New tools emerging from the fourth industrial revolution provide new perspectives and ways to study experiences of urban public space from a humanistic perspective. To offset challenges in traditional studies, digital technologies provide support on three levels: the description of experience characteristics, analysis of spatial correlation, and simulation of experience prediction. Accordingly, it enables more accurate and scientific experience measurements, a closer correlation analysis with spatial characteristics, and guides the implementation of space design schemes based on human-centered experiences.
　　A development history was reviewed using CiteSpace. Both Chinese and foreign digital technologies first focused on studies on behavioral experiences. Then, they were gradually employed in the field of perceptual experience, wherein considerable development occurred around 2018. Although studies on spatial behaviors and perception have attracted considerable research attention in the fields of urban and landscape design since the 20th Century, it is difficult to match perceptual experience, as psychological content, with physical space. However, the development of digital technology has built a bridge between perceptual experience and space, as well as supporting the spatial layout design of plane morphology and the perspective of façade. Based on the space experience process frame of "feeling-perception-cognition-behaviors", the research progress on spatial experiences in different stages based on digital technologies was reviewed, revealing the following themes: assisting in understanding of feeling experience, providing a characterization pathway for sensory stimuli; achieving the intelligent scale measurement of perceptual experiences and exploring driving factors of urban environment; supporting studies on cognitive emotions and preferences thereby achieving in-situ evaluation and characteristic extraction; achieving the spatiotemporal monitoring and analysis of behaviors and expanding studies on optimal behavioral solutions to simulation. There were some general development trends in research on space experience with the assistance of digital technology, such as the systematization of general coupling studies, refinement of technological measurement methods, diversification of space characteristic analysis, and dynamic experience studies. Finally, prospects were proposed from the perspectives of research objects, research contents, and internal mechanisms.

Spatial Transformation Strategies for Industrial Heritage from the Perspective of Social Network Analysis: A Case Study based on the Sanlinqiao Community Centre Project

SONG Jinghua, CHEN Junyang, HU Yixuan

2024, 0(3): 32-41. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-0232.2024.03.004

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As urban expansion slows, the transformation of industrial heritage in cities has become a new research direction and the rational reuse of existing industrial heritage building space is a major point in transformation projects. Industrial buildings have special functions and they are usually designed for the production, storage, or processing of goods. They have huge internal space and the spatial layout often follows an order that reflects efficiency and production logic. Therefore, three objective problems need to be solved during the transformation of industrial buildings into public buildings: functional layout, spatial accessibility, and diversity of spatial sequences.
　　The social network analysis method greatly enriches the simple linear approach of traditional spatial planning. It enables the analysis of more complex intersections of spatial units and their three-dimensional and dynamic associations by using data association, integration analysis, text mining, and other digital analysis methods, thereby enabling the observation of many relationships and performances that are difficult to observe using a linear mindset. In this study, a case study based on the Renovation Project of Shanghai Sanlinqiao Community Centre was performed. The spatial structural rationality of the industrial heritage building park was discussed based on social network analysis and its spatial network relation model was built using UCINET. Spatial units in the park were abstracted into nodes and behavior correlations among nodes were abstracted into lines, thus building a spatial structural network and enabling a quantitative analysis of relationships among nodes. The spatial characteristics of the park could be explored by analyzing the cohesion, centrality, and association of its spatial network and spatial nodes, which assisted in the optimization of the functional layout, spatial accessibility, and diversity of spatial sequences. Five specific optimization strategies were proposed according to the calculation results of the social network analysis. (1) Determine spaces with the same function according to the calculation of cohesive subgroups and place the corresponding functions according to the specific positions of groups on the site to improve the overall balance of vitality among groups. (2) Create gray space, increase the overlapping area and spatial layers among architectural monomorphisms, enhance the direct connection among nodes, and improve the accessibility of spaces. (3) Improve the spatial hierarchy and the relationship between marginal space and the whole green area, increase the direct correlation between marginal space and other spaces, and enhance the accessibility of the overall spatial system. (4) Create outdoor space, increase outdoor public activity space reasonably, connect internal green area spaces with outdoor high-activity spaces, increase connections among spatial units, and increase the sequence options for users in the space system. (5) Improve the tightness of the spatial connections within a group, increase the complexity and diversity of public space adaptation, strengthen the interactions among nodes, and increase the combination of different spatial sequences.
　　After applying these optimization strategies, a new spatial network model was constructed and analyzed, demonstrating a significant optimization effect. The reconstructed area had reasonable functional zoning, a stronger vitality balance of groups, higher spatial vitality, and greater spatial network cohesion. The betweenness centrality among nodes decreased, the spatial power of nodes was balanced, and the accessibility was improved. The spatial network density was generally increased, with increased direct and indirect connections among spaces, richer combinations, and a higher diversity of spatial sequences. This social network analysis provides a spatial strategy for the transformation of industrial heritage buildings into public buildings and provides a reference for similar projects.

Research on Scale Rules of the Main Hall in Nanchan Temple

XIAO Min

2024, 0(3): 42-48. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-0232.2024.03.005

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The main hall of Nanchan Temple, as an ancient wooden architectural structure, has important historical significance when studying its scale rules. This article provides an explanation of its scale rules based on the Zu-cai modulus unit. It emphasized the importance of the Gong-chang (length of arch) index in scale research, enabling its research potential to be fully realised. Issues such as building bays, rafters, outriggers, corner structures, and facade proportions were comprehensively explained through the bracket length scale.
　　The width, depth, and height of the wooden framework of the main hall could be explained by the combination relationship of the Zu-cai modulus. After scales of various indicators were converted into modular expressions by the Zu-cai modulus, several concise geometric relationships—which were obtained based on plotting in previous studies—could be interpreted in a modular manner.
　　The findings were as follows. On the facade of the main hall, the double-layered square timbers formed two prominent horizontal stripes and this horizontal continuity was protected by the concealed Man-gong (the second horizontal). The scattered San-dou (small bracket) between the upper and lower square timbers, in correspondence to the concealed Man-gong, created a uniform rhythm. The Xiao-dou, which was supported by the concealed wing-shaped arc in Xinjian Bujian, just offset the Man-gong intervals caused by the Xinjian expansion, thus maintaining rhythmic continuity. The widths of each bay, lengths of the (concealed) Man-gong, and the spacing between the San-dou (small brackets) all showed multiple accurate relationships. The configuration of the Ying-gong (facade of brackets and arches) reflected the connection between the length of the arch, spatial scale, and facade image effect.
　　Because the outer eaves protrude halfway from the Man-gong, the configuration of the above Ying-gong (façade of brackets and arches) could be extended to the façade of the large wooden frame from the left to the right eaves, or to the profile of the large wooden frame from front to rear eaves. This demonstrated that the length of the arch became a fundamental element in the space composition and visual composition of the whole large wooden frame. It also reflected the systematic utility of the Zu-cai modulus system in terms of components, structural relationships, spatial relationships, and visual control.
　　The Zu-cai modulus calculation of space width, rafter length, and pillar height in the main hall of the Nanchan Temple enabled a comparison of the degree of arithmetic fitting with existing points, which demonstrated equal accuracy. Additionally, the control of the Zu-cai modulus agreed with the Dougong scale, frame pillar height, protrusion, and even the basic scale of the entire 3D wooden frame. Furthermore, it agreed with the visual effect of the Ying-gong configuration on the facade, forming a simple large-scale proportional relationship. Since this study presents more structural information about arithmetic and geometric relationships than previous studies, the research conclusions provide a valuable reference on the difference between original data and new measurement data. This study lays a positive and open foundation for follow-up studies.

Review and Prospects of Research on Scenic And Historic Areas of Guangdong Province Based on Bibliometrics

XING Jun, CHEN Shuyan, LIU Mingxin

2024, 0(3): 49-57. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-0232.2024.03.006

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Scenic and Historic Areas are a type of nature reserve in China with humanistic characteristics. Scholars have conducted in-depth studies on the past development and future positioning of National Scenic Areas, as well as case studies of important National Scenic Areas, but research on Regional Scenic and Historic Areas in the provinces is lacking. Guangdong Province is one of the most developed regions in terms of economy, society and tourism, and its Scenic and Historic Areas possess rich natural and human resources. Research on provincial Scenic and Historic Areas is conducive to improving the regional utility of their humanistic, natural and economic value.
　　Data was sourced from the China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) and "Guangdong Scenic and Historic Areas" and the names of a total of 26 scenic spots at national and provincial levels in Guangdong were used as the keywords for subject searching. One of the relevant disciplines of the literature was architectural science and engineering. All the retrieved literature on Guangdong Scenic and Historic Areas from 1979 to 2022 were downloaded and imported into Note Express literature management software; a total of 195 titles of Guangdong scenic spots were obtained after excluding duplicates, including 5 conference papers, 144 journal articles and 46 dissertations. The word frequency data were obtained according to the titles, publication years and keywords of the literature. Quantitative analyses and a comprehensive review of the research objects and methods were conducted and the development of the research content was summarised at different stages based on the chronology of the literature.
　　The study found: (1) on the research object, the locations are concentrated in the Pearl River Delta region and the type is mainly urban landscape category but there is a lack of regional system research and the case studies are not comprehensive; (2) In terms of research methodology, quantitative research gradually increased after 2009, with the quantitative evaluation of geographic information statistics and tourist questionnaire research as the main focus, but there were fewer quantitative studies on the whole and a lack of justification for the selection of interdisciplinary evaluation methods; (3) The research content can be divided into three phases: the research emergence period from 1979 to 1989, the practice exploration period from 1990 to 2004, and the theory expansion period from 2005 to 2022. Horizontally, it is gradually expanding in the four aspects of historical evolution and scenic characteristics, resource identification and evaluation, planning and design theories and practices, as well as protection and management measures and institutions. At present, taking the scenic-city cultural interactions and the scenic-city boundary planning and control as examples, the research related to the urban landscape category of Scenic and Historic Areas showed obvious regional characteristics but lacked centralised, in-depth discussions.
　　From the results of this study, combined with existing academic research, future studies of Scenic and Historic Areas in Guangdong Province are proposed: (1) to optimise the holistic study of certain basic objects in case studies; (2) to explore more research methods in the context of the development of cultural landscape heritage from its articulation with the theoretical study of cultural landscapes and to pay attention to the intervention of existing scientific and technological means in the management and dissemination of values of heritage;(3) to conduct in-depth research on Scenic and Historic Areas of urban landscape with regional characteristics, paying attention to the relationship between the construction of scenic areas and internal "villages in the landscape", neighbouring villages and neighbouring urban construction land, while also promoting research on climate-adaptive design and influencing mechanisms of civic culture in regional Scenic and Historic Areas.

Route Selection Method for Rural Scenic Byway based on Integration of Landscape Resources and Image Semantics: A Case Study based on the Water Network in Southern Jiangsu Province

LÜ Fei, WANG Shuai

2024, 0(3): 58-67. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-0232.2024.03.007

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Previous studies on rural scenic byways have depended on spatial remote sensing data and emphasized spatial analysis but have not considered the complicated practical environmental conditions in rural areas. This study concerned natural landscape resources that can highlight rural regionality and scale in water network areas as well as human landscape resources that represent local functionality and heterogeneity. The visual information of the field landscape of rural scenic byways was recognized by machine learning image semantic recognition technology, while invalid landscape resources that could not be truly perceived offline were eliminated. On this basis, a method of route selection for scenic byways that could adapt to the complicated environment in rural areas was obtained, to provide a reference for rural scenic byway construction in water network regions.
　　In this study, the settlement landscape quality, degree of concentration of human landscape resources, diversity of landscape spatial patterns, closeness of symbolic natural landscape elements, proportion of natural landscape resources, and proportion of visible landscape area were chosen as evaluation indexes of landscape resources. The weights of these indexes were determined by an analytic hierarchy process (AHP). With reference to view image acquisition methods in existing studies about scenic byways, scenery images of both sides of the road that contained the positional information were acquired. Landscape elements in images surrounding the roads, including plants, buildings, water, and mountains, were recognized using image semantic recognition technology and were labelled. The area proportions of these landscape elements on both sides of the roads were calculated. The optimization coefficient of route selection for the scenic byway was calculated based on the visual area of different elements and the route selection was optimized in combination with the evaluation results of the landscape resources of roads.
　　Wujiang District in Suzhou City is located in the core belt of the Yangtze River Delta urban agglomeration. It is a typical water network area. In this study, the overall layout of rural scenic byways in Wujiang District, Suzhou City was ultimately built, comprising one horizontal and one vertical axis, four interwoven rings, and multiple segments in series through landscape resource evaluation and route selection optimization. The east-to-west principal line extended along the Taipu River, forming the horizontal main axis that spanned the whole Wujiang District. The south-to-north axis pointed to Wuzhen in the south and the scenic byway area around Taihu in the north, connecting several important nodes including Beimayang and Changyang.
　　In site selection for scenic byways, accurate evaluation and the reasonable use of surrounding landscape resources are crucial to guarantee the maximization of line selection and the development of regional resource values, thereby strengthening overall experiences and the attraction of scenic byways. During the weighting of natural elements (e.g., landscapes, lakes, farmlands, and forests) and cultural elements (e.g., historical sites and landmark buildings), multiple influencing factors, such as data accuracy, regional differences, complicated rural environments, subjective preferences and service demands—need to be continuously considered and adjusted to optimize the evaluation standards and methods.
　　Image semantic recognition technology based on machine learning can evaluate rural survey data effectively and objectively. The batching processing ability increases planning efficiency and enhances evaluation accuracy from an objective perspective. The route selection scheme after image semantic optimization decreases the difficulties and error rate in practical implementation. Analysis of the area proportion of landscape elements in images can provide an accurate comprehension of the practical environmental conditions on both sides of the road and reveal rural environmental problems influencing landscape resource values. This optimized route design can avoid cost increases caused by a poor environment.
　　The route selection method in the present study is more applicable to water network areas; its applicability to mountainous areas and other landform types requires further verification. In future, the application range of the proposed method could be expanded by more diversified data sources like digital footprints. Furthermore, relevant indexes and parameter settings could be continuously improved to extend its application in rural scenic byway planning and construction.

The Time Dimension of Architectural Renovation Design: Application Research of Design Method

XU Yonghong, TUO Ya, ZHANG Pengju, WU Di

2024, 0(3): 68-77. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-0232.2024.03.008

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Architectural transformation, an architectural activity that has a great responsibility in responding to historical and humanistic themes, its design essence is what to preserve, which is a query for its meaning, and the time of architectural transformation is exactly the situation in which the meaning occurs. With the help of phenomenology and other philosophy of time, time, consciousness and life are linked together from the perspective of intersubjectivity of time, so that man and environment are mutually subject. In the architectural transformation, timeliness is the significance of the correlation system, emphasizing the emptiness between the related objects, and this cohesive interaction constitutes the basis of the spiritual field. The people, things and things that appear in the interaction are marked through each other's interaction, and become a whole and are endowed with meaning in the temporal spiritual resonance.
　　Based on architectural phenomenology, it combines the daily nature of people and the world around them with the understanding of the integration of body and environment in Merleau-Ponty's perceptual phenomenology and the movement of "inner time" cosmic time by Paul Ricco, and interprets it as the temporal spiritual resonance of "sense of life". The historicity of man and the common world is further compared with Husserl's theory of intersubjective temporal relationship between man and architecture, and this kind of spiritual resonance is divided into two kinds: the whole relationship between man and environment and the whole relationship between man and man. With the intervention of time, the temporal spiritual resonance produced by the interaction between man and the natural environment elements and the artificial environment elements with the characteristics of time is manifested as a sense of the same life. The temporal spiritual resonance generated by the interaction between human and architecture in the dimension of time is manifested as a sense of history that the past and future are unified in the present. The holistic relationship of specific narrative in human activities represents the story sense emotion of human and human spiritual identity. The expression of this spiritual resonance is divided into the same relationship between man and temporal environmental elements-the sense of life, the unified relationship between man and the past, present and future in architecture-the sense of history, and the identification relationship between man and human in a specific narrative-the sense of story.
　　In terms of research methods, based on phenomenology, what kind of architecture and what kind of design operation can reflect the timeliness is explored from the architect's design intention or starting point, and the narrative process also replaces logical analysis with description. Inheriting the logical means of induction and comparative analysis, it summarizes some existing cases of reconstruction architectural practice activities in the aspects of building environment, form, material, structure and details, and tries to express and sort out the specific role and specific application of timeliness in the reconstruction of buildings. The selected cases simultaneously integrate multiple temporal strategies. This statistical method is used to reverse summarize, extract and classify the design strategies of timeliness. On this basis, different operation methods under the same strategy are compared, and a case is correspondingly cited to refine the specific action mode of timeliness.
　　The theory and thinking of the philosophy of time can provide a common reference frame and creative inspiration for the general design and renovation design of architecture, and it is universal for understanding the nature of time and the role of time in design. Although some strategies are classic and representative, they are difficult to copy. By discussing the role and application of time in architectural renovation design, the author hopes to clarify the unique value and basic way of interpreting the significance of architectural renovation by time, answer the questions of "why reconstruction" and "how reconstruction", and emphasize the vitality and transformation of the time dimension of architectural renovation design.

Classification of Urban Community Jogging Environment based on Multi-source Data: A Case Study based on Jinshan Street in Fuzhou City

XIE Yuwei, CHEN Siyu, YAN Yu, CHEN Ningping, ZENG Zhen, LI Xiaohe

2024, 0(3): 78-87. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-0232.2024.03.009

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Against the background of building sports-friendly cities and residents' pursuit of a healthy life around China, the urban community jogging environment is becoming a research hotspot in the field of landscape architecture and planning. In this context, it is particularly important to summarize and analyze the current characteristics of the urban community jogging environment and conduct in-depth research on the existing problems. The classification and spatial optimization of the jogging environment in urban communities would be helpful to improve the health-promoting livability of communities and enhance the exercise intention of residents.
　　In the present study, a case study based on Jinshan Street in Fuzhou City was performed. The community-oriented urban community jogging environment was evaluated by the combination weighting method from the four perspectives of diversity, safety, accessibility, and comfort. A multi-index and multilayer evaluation of the urban community jogging environment was conducted by combining space syntax, image semantic recognition of machine learning fitting and the expert scoring method based on street view images, field survey data, and questionnaire survey results. The results demonstrated the following. (1) Comfort is the most critical influencing factor in the criterion layer of the community jogging environment evaluation index system, followed by safety, accessibility, and diversity. Among level-2 indexes, the night lighting effect, social security, road width, pavement smoothness, and natural landscape richness were important. (2) The jogging environment varied greatly with location and the geographical environment. Based on the four-criterion layer in the community jogging environment evaluation system, the jogging paths could be divided into four types: vigorous running type, green running type, pleasant running type, and convenient slow running type. (3) The vigorous running type showed a relatively good general environment, with the best comfort and safety. The green running type had relatively good safety and comfort but the accessibility required improvement. The pleasant running type had good environmental comfort and accessibility but safety and diversity were poor. The quality of the convenient slow-running environment was generally poor and required high attention. According to a summary of the characteristics, differences, and problems of different types of community jogging environments, some targeted optimization strategies were proposed in terms of road networks, service facilities, and environmental quality. For the vigorous running type, perfecting the construction of basic services and optimizing the diversity of the jogging space are suggested. For the green running type, appropriately increasing the road network density and connectivity is suggested. For the pleasant running type, the quality of the jogging environment and improvement of public security management are suggested. For the convenient slow jogging type, it is recommended that the concept of "green and convenient" be advocated when improving construction. Thus, the community jogging environment was comprehensively evaluated from the perspective of different demands/needs, which provides new perspectives for the planning of livable community environments and inspiring the creation of sports-friendly cities.

Study of the Sociospatial Relevance of Traditional Family-Type Settlements: A Case Study based on Tangwei Village in Dongguan

TIAN Haonan, LI Minzhi, WEI Cheng, SHENG Qiang

2024, 0(3): 88-98. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-0232.2024.03.010

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A traditional Chinese settlement is a type of spatial form with rich social connotations, which evolves over a long time. It is subject to the constraints of the hierarchical system and the safeguards of self-organizing construction mechanisms. Traditional Chinese settlements can be divided into four types according to their purpose; namely, geomantic type, ancestral type, karmic type, and divine type. Dongguan City is located in the south-central part of Guangdong Province. The settlements in Dongguan are mainly ancestral family settlements and most have people with a single common surname. In academic circles, there are mature studies on the correlation between family society and settlement space as well as the relationship between social development and the spatial evolution of settlements. However, deep studies on the overall association between spatial localization and society, such as power relationships, differences in social hierarchies, individual characteristics, and the spatial embodiment of daily life are lacking.
　　A case study based on Tangwei village in Dongguan City, Guangdong Province was performed. The spatial unit was adjusted to "household" by the space syntax method to correspond to the social unit of "family". A quantitative description of the spatial agglomeration effect was given and the structural characteristics of spatial units were observed. Significantly, this ameliorated the effects of ambiguous definitions of spatial units, boundaries, and centers in previous studies on traditional settlements. Combined with a multi-level interpretation of historical events, clan development, cultural background, and other aspects, the association modes between social network and spatial structure were described quantitatively and compared comprehensively through social network analysis based on geographic location and spatial structural analysis based on space syntax. The characteristics of traditional settlements are summarized as follows.
　　(1) Structural hierarchical correspondence. Correlation experiments revealed that the social network and spatial structure of traditional family-type settlements were essentially homogeneous. The spatial distribution of settlements reflected the social architecture. The cultural background influenced the spatial layout. The different development statuses among social groups could adapt to differences in the degree of spatial organization. Social functions and individual characteristics were closely related to spatial attributes. However, such correspondence was often conditional and not completely synchronous due to constraints by practical development.
　　(2) Power imbalance. The power relationships among elements in the structure were imbalanced. Social dominance in the colony had a corresponding significant spatial advantage. Furthermore, differences, differentiation and the adjustment of power levels further lead to differences, differentiation and the attribute transfer of spatial quality. For example, the spatial structure of traditional settlements transformed from "monocentric" to a "bicentric" pattern. The concentration and distribution of power and the decentralization of authority and responsibility within the organization were also influenced.
　　(3) Influence of the external environment. Special events gradually affected daily life in society within a certain period by guiding new behaviors, causing spatial variation. Furthermore, cultural concepts influenced the logic of spatial construction. Under the comprehensive influence of the regional culture of Guangfu, the foreign culture from the Central Plains, and the neighbouring culture of Hakka, Tangwei Village formed a settlement system by adapting to the region and reflecting local cultural characteristics, with the spatial expression reflecting the implicit qualities of regional immigrants and the defensive spatial measures having Hakka influences. Additionally, the geographic environment, economic changes, and other factors all influenced the social space construction of the settlement in multiple senses.
　　Tangwei Village represents a spatial settlement pattern for single-surname social groups in the Dongguan area. It was formed based on lineages and is dominated by Guangfu culture. In this study, the transformation modes of "correspondence", "variation", and "difference" in social spaces of family-type settlements were summarized and deduced. It is expected to provide new ideas and methods to continue and revitalize local traditional settlements.

Pattern Language of Accessible Communities and Application to Community Planning

CAI Jiaxiu, LIU Kun, SUN Jichen, FU Yicheng

2024, 0(3): 99-107. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-0232.2024.03.011

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Against a background of new human-centered urbanization, the development of accessible cities has become an important task to cope with an aging population and to enhance social inclusion and urban civilization. Community is the public space that has the closest connection to the daily lives of citizens. However, it is a weak aspect of accessible environment construction. To facilitate the construction of accessible cities, it is imperative to urgently investigate more effective planning and design methodologies for accessible communities. This is an important way to comprehensively improve overall urban accessibility.
　　The construction of accessible communities requires not only the seamless cross-scale integration of the professional construction of accessible environments with the daily lives and experiences of communities but also guidance by the construction of an accessible material environment. This requires local consensus, co-construction, and co-governance of the accessible environment to create a vibrant social atmosphere. To transform cross-scale and systematic professional practices into technical tools for the construction of multidimensional accessible communities, this study introduced pattern language theory, which combines universal laws and local applications. Pattern language theory factors in the output of professional technologies and it is convenient for public understanding and use. It is applicable to the practice of participatory planning design with explicit topics.
　　Pattern language is composed of individual patterns and pattern networks. Based on domestic and international norms and standards, social surveys and experiential research, this study first comprehensively considered the concept and components of an accessible community, observed the principles of comprehensiveness, non-duplication, and consensus, and extracted the individual patterns of accessible communities. Subsequently, individual patterns were clustered into eight clusters: conceptual consensus, institutional safeguard, co-construction, inclusive service, wayfinding system, smooth pathway, healing landscape, and universal architecture. The pattern network of individual patterns was built using the pattern matrix.
　　Based on the Special Plan for An Accessible City in Shenzhen, the pattern language of accessible community was practiced in Jiahua New Village in Shenzhen. Residents recognized current problems based on daily life experiences and searched for solution paths in the "Answer Bank" of pattern language for accessible communities. Under the guidance of planners, elements were integrated to obtain a clear and feasible pattern network. The pattern network was implemented in the built environment to form planning and design schemes. During practices, the public, or active subjects, entered into the topic quickly based on the pattern language, intervened in the whole process of scheme deduction, and effectively reached a consensus on accessible community construction.
　　With the increasing demand for the construction of accessible communities, it is crucial to provide paths for disadvantaged groups and groups with special needs to express their views. Based on the theoretical framework of pattern language, this study explored the participatory planning method; this broke down challenges in public participation and was applicable to the transformation of planning design results. A set of pattern languages of accessible community with complete structures was built, applied and tested in community practices. This was a long-term and dynamic process, involving repeated consolidation and updating between theoretical building and practical applications. Future studies will combine more accessible community renovation projects and continue to perfect and trace tests of pattern language for accessible communities, aiming to form more stable and universally accessible design tools.

Evaluation of Domain of Influence of Community Health Service Facilities from the Perspective of Elder-friendly Areas for Walking: A Case Study based on the Old Residential Area in Longhai Street, Guancheng District, Zhengzhou City

WU Yan, LIU Yiqi

2024, 0(3): 108-114. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-0232.2024.03.012

Abstract

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The aging population has led to an increasing demand for community health service facilities by the elderly. Effective evaluation methods and techniques are urgently needed to assess the service performance of these facilities. Existing evaluation methods mostly focus on the macro level, emphasizing the overall measurement of the regional service level of community health service facilities. However, there is no consensus on how to accurately define the influence range of community health service facilities on elderly walking behaviors based on urban spatial morphology and elderly walking ability, or how to evaluate their service performance.
　　In this study, the elderly-friendly areas enclosed by urban expressways or main roads and rivers in Longhai Street, Guancheng District, Zhengzhou City were chosen as the study area. The space and behaviors of the old residential areas were viewed as a complicated system. A correlation model between walking behaviors and the urban space was built. Based on field surveys, the walking behaviors of the elderly were simulated using behavioral simulation technology. The domains of influence of four community health service facilities (two community health service stations and two community health service centers) in the elder-friendly areas were determined by combining the road network morphology and residential area distribution. According to differences in area and scale, the domain of influence of the two community health service stations was mainly delineated within a five-minute living circle (the theoretical threshold of the service radius was 300 m), while the domain of influence of the two community health service centers was mainly delineated within a 15-minute living circle (the theoretical threshold of the service radius was 800 m). According to the urban path, spatial range of the residential area, boundary ownership, entrances and exits, the above domains of influence were thoroughly revised according to the accessible region of potential paths for walking behaviors of the elderly. Subsequently, the revised domains of influence were overlapped to finally obtain the comprehensive domain of influence of the four community health service facilities.
　　The performance of the community health service facilities was evaluated in terms of their coverage capacity, balance, and accessibility and some optimization suggestions were proposed. The coverage capacity of the facilities was evaluated by their area coverage rate and the number of residential areas covered. The coverage areas of the domains of influence of the four community health service facilities all failed to meet their theoretical scope, with service radii of 300 and 800 m under the concentric mode, far lower than the coverage area standard of the theoretical thresholds. The number of residential areas covered by three community health service facilities was higher than 50%, indicating that most residential communities in the elder-friendly area could be covered. The number of residential areas covered by one community health service facility was only 40%. This was related to the low compactness of the surrounding urban space, the low density of residential areas and poor accessibility.
　　The balance of facilities was evaluated by the average nearest neighbor distance. The two community health service centers were relatively close to other elder care facilities in the elder-friendly area, indicating that community health service facilities had a good layout relationship with other community facilities in the elderly-friendly area and that the overall balance was reasonably ideal. However, the two community health service stations were far from other elder care facilities in the walking-friendly area, revealing unsatisfactory layout relationships and balance.
　　Accessibility was evaluated using the pedestrian flow density on main roads. During peak hours, the pedestrian flow density of the four community health service facilities within the elder-friendly area ranged from 0.375 to 1.25 people/square meter. Only one community health service station had poor accessibility and low pedestrian flow. The analysis of the overall pedestrian flow density in the elder-friendly area revealed that the pedestrian flow density differed greatly among different road sections, indicating that there was space to improve the road network structure in the elder-friendly area.
　　Based on these results, it is suggested that the number of health service facilities and community elder care facilities be increased and their types expanded. Additionally, the relationship of health service facilities with community health service facilities should be strengthened, the road network density increased, and the space quality and performance of old residential areas improved. There are some limitations to these research results due to sample size and study area limitations. However, the proposed research method, tools, and evaluation indexes are expected to provide new ideas, new methods, and new tools for evaluating the community service facilities in old residential areas. This study provides a theoretical reference and technological guidance for the improvement of existing communities.

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