Table of Content

Volume 0 Issue 6
29 June 2023
Column: Territorial Spatial Plannning / Landscape Architecture / Research on Design /
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Territorial Spatial Plannning
Safety-oriented Responses of Rail Transit Station-city Connection Space to High Density and Rapid Increase in Passenger Flows
CHU Dongzhu, ZHANG Naiqian, SU Hong
2023, 0(6):  1-11.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-0232.2023.06.001
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Rail transit faces several new problems and challenges while bringing positive effects to cities' traffic, economic, and social development. With the increase in line density, the number of rail transit passengers increases quickly, which often causes space safety hazards in evacuation, firefighting, and emergency events. It is urgent to form effective space countermeasures against the risks. Systematic and refined identification, screening, diagnosis, and optimization of practical critical spatial operating conditions and hidden areas in rail transit have become important technical directions for high-quality urban spatial development. 
　　To cope with the pressure of matching passenger flows, which frequently fluctuate or even increase, this study analyzed high-density, quick-growing, and low-speed passenger flows in railway stations with different sizes, different surrounding businesses, and different usage objects. The spatial and temporal evolutionary characteristics of high-density and quick-growing passenger flows were summarized, such as "fast is slow", "natural channelization", and "pendulum effect". Two quantitative indexes of "sectional relative passenger density" and "passenger flow growth" were established to recognize occurrence time nodes of high-density and quick-growing passenger flows. These provide a feasible method and an essential premise for recognizing and preventing high-density and quick-growing passenger flows.
　　The railway station-city connection space includes spatial sequences with diversified forms, interleaving flow lines and complicated elements from ground entrance and exit of rail transit to gates in the payment area of the station hall. It is a transfer area between the internal station hall and the urban public space. It may intensify the passenger flow-space conflicts directly if the railway station-city connection space is not set reasonably enough. Hence, it is easy to expose the bottleneck characteristics in coping with the impacts of high-density and quick-growing passenger flows.
　　The Guanyinqiao Station of Chongqing Rail Transit was chosen as the research object in this study. The space evaluation indexes of "adaptability" and "robustness" were built by using the analytic hierarchy process (AHP), Delphi method, and simulation. The comprehensive effectiveness of the railway station-city connection space to cope with high-density and quick-growing passenger flows was evaluated from perspectives of emergency measures and spatial capacity. On this basis, common types of dynamic spatial bottlenecks (bottleneck against local space, bottleneck against variable moving speed, bottleneck against flow line intersection, and bottleneck against crowd retention) and element features were recognized and summarized.
　　To address such common bottlenecks of railway station-city connection space, short-term countermeasures were proposed, such as "access separation", "path integration", "rapid expansion", and "interface reshaping". Combining with technological measures like fabricated buildings, variable structures, and high-performance equipments, the high-density and quick-growing passenger flows during rush hours are evacuated based on space-time dimensions. It provides a new idea to study countermeasures to potential hazards in urban spaces under generalized conditions.




Spatial Characteristics of Urban Physical Commercial Center Services from the Perspective of Consumption Travel: A Case Study based on Nine Commercial Centers in Shanghai
NIU Xinyi, KANG Ning, KAN Changcheng
2023, 0(6):  12-20.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-0232.2023.06.002
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The household consumption level in China is constantly increasing and is accompanied by continuous upgrading of the consumption structure. Both the supply and demand sides of retail have undergone significant changes. Studies in the last 10 years have found that individual consumption travel of residents, type of physical commercial activities, and service types have all changed. In this study, experiential and non-experiential consumption goals in nine physical commercial centers at different levels in Shanghai were distinguished based on Internet location-based service data, and their spatial characteristics were compared in the chosen physical commercial centers. This study aims to explore residents' consumption behavioral changes, thus enabling better decision-making support for commercial center system planning under the above changes.
　　Firstly, spatial scopes of consumer origin were explored. Descriptive statistics and spatial data visualization estimated the spatial scopes. For the same commercial center, the spatial scope of experiential consumption is far smaller than that of non-experiential consumption. For commercial centers at different levels, the spatial scopes of non-experiential consumption are significantly different, which is consistent with the level of centers. However, spatial scopes of experiential consumption differ slightly, and they are inconsistent with the level of the commercial center.
　　Secondly, spatial patterns of consumer origin were investigated. Spatial patterns of consumer origin were estimated using the spatial statistical method of multi-distance spatial clustering. The spatial clustering degrees of experiential and non-experiential consumption are different for the same commercial center. Generally, the spatial clustering degree of experiential consumption is higher and tends to adjacent services. For commercial centers at different levels, the differences in spatial clustering degrees of experiential and non-experiential consumption are negatively related to the level of the commercial center. 
　　Thirdly, spatial clustering modes and the level of commercial centers were compared. The spatial patterns of non-experiential consumption of nine physical commercial centers were divided into three types: the main center, secondary center, and regional center. The spatial patterns of experiential consumption of nine physical commercial centers were divided into two types, which failed to correspond to three levels of centers. Due to experiential and non-experiential consumption, the spatial characteristics of services were different, and the differences in the level of experiential consumption were weakened.
　　It is concluded that there were significant differences in spatial characteristics between experiential and non-experiential consumption of commercial centers. According to traditional principles of commercial center system planning of "hierarchical configuration centers" and "serving nearby spaces", it can be believed that spatial features of experiential consumption services might trigger the "flattening" of the commercial center system after the experiential and non-experiential consumption purposes are distinguished. Under the current socio-economic trend, experiential consumption in the physical retail industry is increasing continuously. The commercial center system planning principles of "hierarchical configuration centers" and "serving nearby spaces" shall consider variation trends of spatial service features of different consumption types. The physical commercial center system planning shall meet residents' physical business needs and adapt to new business needs in the physical retailing industry. The physical commercial center system planning principles and methods must be changed and adjusted accordingly.




Research Review on the Relationship between High-Density Built Environment and Public Health
WANG Zihao, ZHANG Chunyang
2023, 0(6):  21-31.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-0232.2023.06.003
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The high-density development trend in large cities exists due to the contradiction between the urban land shortage and great demands for space. Facing the great population pressure and restricted land increase, high-density development mode can improve urban land utilization. It conforms to the realistic conditions of many cities in China where there are more people and fewer land resources. However, it changes the living environment and lifestyle except for intensive land use and providing complete infrastructures. As a result, urban residents face several new health challenges, such as climate environmental risks, infectious diseases, chronic diseases, insufficient physical activities, and psychological health. In the post-epidemic era and under the strategic background of promoting a healthy China, it is more necessary to integrate health into all policies from urban planning to construction and then manage and explore the influences and acting paths of high-density built environment on public health. 
　　This study focuses on the relationship between high-density built environment and public health. China National Knowledge Infrastructure and core collections of the Science Citation Index (SCI) were used as the data sources. The research results concerning "high-density", "built environment", and "public health" were searched. A total of 271 studies conforming to the research topic were screened as the research basis of this study through titles, keywords, abstractw, and text. After in-depth reading of these studies, literature data visualization was implemented by using CiteSpace. The discipline foundation, research cores, and hotspots related to high-density built environment and public health were reviewed. Three major conclusions could be drawn.
　　First, high-density development has become a common development mode of large and medium-sized cities in China due to some practical problems, such as urban construction land shortage, high population concentration, and a fragile ecological environment. It is characteristic of high residential density, high usage density, high social density, high floor-area ratio, high building coverage, and low ratio of open spaces. Second, the effects of high-density built environment on public health are mainly manifested in five aspects: climate environment, infectious diseases, physical activity, chronic diseases, and psychological health. Specifically, climate environment includes wind, thermal, atmospheric, and acoustic environments. Infectious diseases include the source of infection, mode of transmission, and susceptible population. Physical activity includes leisure, transportation, housework, and working activities. Chronic diseases include obesity, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, and diabetes. Psychological health includes happiness, depression, anxiety, stress, and social adaptation. Third, public health-oriented high-density urban planning and design strategies are mainly reflected in four aspects: land use, spatial form, road traffic, and open space. Specifically, land use includes land composition, land layout, and degree of land mix. Spatial morphology includes planar texture morphology and three-dimensional spatial morphology. Road traffic mainly includes travel modes, motor traffic, and slow traffic. Open space mainly includes green space and street space.
　　The influences and acting paths of high-density built environments on public health are summarized based on the basic characteristics of high-density built environments. The relevant planning design strategies are summarized to optimize public health problems in high-density urban areas from the perspective of planning design and create comfortable, safe, healthy, and pleasant urban environments.




Service Evaluation of Urban Public Green Land from the Perspective of a 15-Minute Living Circle
LI Minzhi, HUAI Lu
2023, 0(6):  32-41.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-0232.2023.06.004
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Landscape Architecture
Historical Facts and Characteristics of the Construction of Guangzhou Parks in the 1980s and 1990s
LUO Yuchen, XIAO Lei, LÜ Bowen, LIN Guangsi
2023, 0(6):  42-51.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-0232.2023.06.005
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Social ideologies surged after the reform and opening-up policy in 1978, bringing great development opportunities for the landscape architecture industry. During the 1980s and 1990s, the construction of parks in Guangzhou was greatly influenced by social ideologies showing distinct era characteristics. These parks are somewhat representative of parks in Lingnan and China. However, no case study on parks in Guangzhou in the 1980s and 1990s under the comprehensive social context has been reported, making it difficult to summarize the characteristics of modern landscape construction in Guangzhou. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct a case study of parks in Guangzhou during the 1980s and 1990s within a comprehensive social context, explore the internal linkages between the social environment and landscape construction, and summarize the construction characteristics of these parks.
　　Firstly, a social context in the 1980s and 1990s was established by interpreting and analyzing relevant policy regulations, planning documents, and conferences. Secondly, four parks with characteristics of the era and high recognition in the industry, including Caonuan Park, Yuntai Garden, Guangzhou Sculpture Park, and Pearl River Park, were selected as typical cases. These four parks' general situation, overall layout, emphasis on design, and garden architectures were analyzed by combining them with construction history, and their distinctive features were interpreted. Finally, the characteristics of each case were put in the social context of the era to discuss construction characteristics and transformation reasons for parks in Guangzhou in the period.
　　After the reform and opening-up policy, Guangzhou began to pay more attention to the construction of urban green space to meet the material environment needs of urban development, resulting in the high quantity and diversified types of parks in Guangzhou. Influenced by such a social environment, the construction characteristics and transformation reasons of parks in Guangzhou during the 1980s and 1990s mainly include the following: (1) As a response to the Western ideological trend and cultural modernization transformation brought by the reform and opening-up policy, traditional landscape culture began to transform toward modernization. As a result, the construction of parks in Guangzhou during this period blended Chinese and foreign garden cultures, including the inheritance of traditional garden culture, absorption of Western culture, and the balance between Chinese and foreign cultures. (2) The development of aesthetics after the reform and opening-up policy emphasized garden aesthetics in constructing parks in Guangzhou during this period. This covers two aspects: a combination of sculpture art and garden construction, and the enrichment of innovative plant configurations. (3) To respond to parallel economic development and environmental development by the Guangzhou municipal government after the reform and opening-up policy, significant attention to ecological construction became a characteristic of park construction in Guangzhou in this period. This included the establishment of a plant community and the protection of native vegetation. 
　　To summarize, the construction of parks in Guangzhou during the 1980s and 1990s presented distinctive characteristics in the social context of the urban park rise after the reform and opening-up policy, including the blending of Chinese and foreign garden cultures, emphasis on garden aesthetics, and emphasis on ecological construction. Parks during this period inherited not only traditional garden styles and incorporated Western garden styles and human landscape forms but also exhibited distinctive construction characteristics in topography, layout, architectural style, and planting design of gardens. Park types in Guangzhou in this period reflect China's urban cultural modernization trend, the demands of time, and social value orientation.




Landscape Aesthetic Experience of Longji Rice Terraces based on the Eye-Tracking Experiment
ZHANG Ting, LIU Donghong, ZHANG Hanwen, HUANG Longfang
2023, 0(6):  52-61.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-0232.2023.06.006
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Tourism activities are becoming essential for a better life, and have great significance in meeting the people's growing demands for a better life and building the industry of a beautiful China. Based on the SOR model, the objective perception of participants was reflected through eye-tracking experiments, which could greatly enrich the objective dimensions of the visual quality evaluation system. Moreover, there were relatively few research results on applying eye-tracking experiments to tourism landscapes, but none involved rice-terraced landscapes. Based on the above, a case study based on the Longji Rice Terraces in Guangxi with various landscape types was carried out to explore the landscape aesthetic experiences of tourists. The hypothetical relationship model between visual stimulation, aesthetic experience, and intentional response of terraced tourism landscape was proposed. A total of 45 valid samples were collected through a comprehensive questionnaire and eye-tracking. The results found the following: (1) The hot spots are mainly concentrated at the junction of characteristic elements, main buildings, or landscape elements. The four landscape types of settlement and architecture, ecology, ethnic culture, and agriculture had no significant effect on the visual stimulation of landscapes. Among different demographic characteristics, based on permanent residence and revisit experiences, there were significant differences between rural tourists and tourists who visited Longji Rice Terrace Landscape for the first time in terms of the average number of gazes and saccade frequency. According to gender, ethnicity, income, age, educational background, and sampling rate, there is no significant difference in test results. It can be seen from the visual characteristics of groups that participants generally have the same capture of aesthetic appreciation. (2) There was no significant correlation between the visual stimulation of landscape and intentional response. The saccade frequency and average point of fixation in visual stimulation of landscape had positive impacts on the aesthetic experience. The intentional response has positive correlations with all aesthetic senses, aesthetic emotions, and aesthetic spirit in the aesthetic experience of questionnaire data. Aesthetic experience does not mediate between visual stimulation of landscape and intentional response. It tried to apply eye-tracking to terraced landscapes to explore the aesthetic experiences of tourists and intentional responses from the perspective of multiple terraced landscape types. The results can provide references for the integrated development of culture and tourism in Longji Rice Terraces.
　　The research conclusion has some significance for the sustainable development of Longji Rice Terraces. Longji Rice Terraces provide diversified terraced landscapes through improvement measures, such as the restoration of characteristic buildings, folk culture inheritance, and ecosystem protection. However, Longji Rice Terraces have a relatively single orientation, and it generally shall be integrated with diversified aesthetics and experiences to protect connotations of ethnic culture fully. Therefore, the ethnic culture, settlement, and architectural landscape of Longji Rice Terraces should show their characteristics based on protection, and the wisdom of ecological landscape should highlight its educational significance. In this study, field eye-tracking experiments were tried, significantly enriching participant groups. It offered a new and more accurate method of studying the landscapes of the Longji Rice Terraces. The theoretical framework of tourism landscapes based on aesthetic experiences was established from psychology, aesthetics, and landscapes perspectives. The psychological dimension of the aesthetic experience of Longji Rice Terraces was verified by combining empirical and in-depth qualitative studies. With respect to the design of the eye-tracking experiment, images were selected without considering the real landscape environment. As a result, some experimental conclusions have insufficient completeness. Future studies under real landscape conditions will be conducted to optimize eye-tracking data and enrich the seasonality, abundance, and brightness of terraced landscapes.




Interpretation of the Soundscape, Smellscape, and Lightscape Construction from Eternal Chant Poetry Collection and A Sequel to Eternal Chant Poetry Collection
WEI Yi, ZHAO Yuezhe
2023, 0(6):  62-67.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-0232.2023.06.007
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Shuoxian Wu, an academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), is an outstanding researcher in the science of human settlements and has made significant achievements in literature and poetry. Based on the high-level scientific and humanistic literacy, he has explored the soundscape, smellscape, and lightscape of various natural and human social activities described in the Book of Songs. In recent years, he has written poems daily and published two collections of original poems from 2016 to 2021, namely Eternal Chant Poetry Collection and A Sequel to Eternal Chant Poetry Collection. The contents mainly focus on his observations and thinkings about what he sees and hears daily. Among them, more than 100 poems describe the soundscape, smellscape, and lightscape, closely related to people's lives, and at least 49 poems about the theme of lightscape only. These poems laid the foundation for his new concept of "integration of soundscape, smellscape, and lightscape" in diversified  landscape construction. Based on the interpretation and analysis of these poems, this study aims to summarize the characteristics of soundscape, smellscape, and lightscape, summarize relevant construction techniques, and provide ideas for diversified  landscape construction of human settlement environment. 
　　Firstly, soundscape, smellscape, and lightscape are time-dependent and closely related to day-night alternation and seasonal changes. The poems describe the changing soundscape and smellscape throughout the year, such as the sound of the cuckoo in spring and the cicadas in summer, the fragrance of rapeseed flowers in spring and osmanthus in autumn, and the lightscape of light and shadow changing with natural light during the day and night, as seen in "flower shadows filling the window screens". Secondly, the soundscape, smellscape, and lightscape have distinct regional and cultural characteristics. Unique soundscape, smellscape, and lightscape are derived based on unique regional culture, environmental characteristics, and lifestyles, such as the intangible cultural heritage of soundscape in the Guangdong Deqing Confucius Temple, the water scenery lightscape of Jiangnan Water Town, and the smellscape of beer fragrance in the Huangdao District of Qingdao. The soundscape, smellscape, and lightscape  are crucial factors that contribute to homesickness and prevent uniformity in different cities. Furthermore, they trigger different degrees of physiological and psychological changes in people by influencing their perceptions. 
　　In practice, the integration of soundscape, smellscape, and lightscape can be applied to different scales of urban spaces, thus creating a living environment that "enjoy pleasant sounds, beautiful scenery, and delightful fragrances". As such, the soundscape, smellscape, and lightscape and diversified landscape with temporal, spatial, and regional cultural characteristics can be integrated successfully, such as the Quanli Town in Chongqing and the garden landscapes described in poems. Soundscape, smellscape, and lightscape can be both artificial and natural. Natural soundscape, smellscape, and lightscape can be constructed through vegetation planting, topographic landscape construction, and building elements. Meanwhile, artificial soundscape, smellscape, and lightscape with regional characteristics can be protected and constructed. Hence, diversified  landscapes with the artistic conception of scenes, regional cultural features, and functions of healing and guiding are formed. Moreover, soundscape, smellscape, and lightscape with a sense of the times could be formed by combining modern technologies. Based on multi-level sensory perception, people can perceive soundscape, smellscape, and lightscape at all times and in all places in daily life. For example, Water Town in South China is a typical landscape that integrates soundscape, smellscape, and lightscape, manifested by the sound of singing while oaring, the fragrance of wine, and the reflection of stone bridges in rivers, respectively. There are many exquisite garden designs integrating soundscape, smellscape, and lightscape.
　　Research on the interaction of hearing, smell, vision, and other senses has attracted increasingly more attention in recent years. Accordingly, the integration of soundscape,smellscape and lightscape in diversified landscape construction has organically become a research hotspot in the future. The goal of constructing soundscape, smellscape, lightscape, and diversified  landscape is to create positive diversified  landscapes with regional cultural characteristics in time and space, thus improving the quality of living environments. By interpreting and analyzing two poem collections by the academician Wu, this study is expected to provide references to realize the overall quality improvement of human settlements.




Research on Design
Structural Topology-Fractal Refinement-Vertical Stacking: Three Reconstruction Strategies of the Chinese Courtyard Prototype in the Contemporary Urban Context
WANG Anqi, KONG Yuhang, WANG Deming, SUN Ting
2023, 0(6):  68-75.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-0232.2023.06.008
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As one of the typical representatives of local architectural types in China, the courtyard prototype requires the redistribution of functional spaces, the transformation of private and open space orders, and integration with the natural environment in the development process into a new architectural form in the contemporary background of high-density cities. The "courtyard type" is not unique to Chinese architecture. Instead, the courtyard is the carrier and key to inheriting Chinese culture as an important spatial prototype carrying the wisdom of traditional Chinese construction. In the context of traditional Chinese environmental views and philosophy, the ancient construction system contains a simple "modernity" and universality in dealing with relations among architecture, people, and the environment, and it can provide new opportunities for contemporary architecture.
　　This study explored the internal formal logics of traditional courtyards through a case study. The courtyard prototype surpasses the traditional Chinese cultural genes and spatial organizational logics contained by the courtyard forms, and it reflects the value orientation and aesthetic standards under the traditional construction idea. Three patterns of construction information of the courtyard prototype were summarized by graphical analysis method from perspectives of spatial structure, organizational order, and virtual-reality relationship. These three patterns were the "Nine Palaces" universe pattern, the hierarchically embedding pattern, and the "Yin-yang" coexistence form. These three patterns were interpreted through representative cases of courtyard prototypes. 
　　After internal patterns of the courtyard prototype were extracted and elements and relations of courtyard forms were clarified, a fundamental platform for contemporary reconstruction of the traditional courtyard was provided, and a selection and replacement method conforming to contemporary spirit was built. The research significance of the courtyard lies in contemporary reconstruction from the design perspective. This study explores how to make a modern deduction based on the ancient Chinese courtyard prototype and reconstruct new paradigms of courtyard prototype under the absence of an original ethnic relationship, construction materials, and traditional construction techniques.
　　The courtyard reconstruction in this study explores design based on traditional courtyard forms in the contemporary urban context. Instead of mechanical reproduction and copying of forms, courtyard reconstruction brings traditional building scale and the relationship between building and natural environment into the contemporary high-density urban life to adapt to current lifestyle and spatial needs. From the perspective of form generation, three reconstruction design strategies for the courtyard prototype were proposed, including topological reproduction, fractal encryption, and vertical stacking.




Characteristics of Architectural Color Order in Hongcun, Huizhou: A Case Study based on Yuezhao Area
WANG Decai, MIAO Junjie
2023, 0(6):  76-85.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-0232.2023.06.009
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The study of the characteristics of traditional architectural color order has important application value for the protection and inheritance of color styles. In this study, a quantitative analysis of the architectural color of traditional villages in Huizhou was carried out by combining it with digital technology, aiming at building a reasonable workflow for quantification of architectural colors. Based on quantitative studies, the data laws in the architectural color of Huizhou were explored and used to investigate the method of color restoration of ancient buildings on digital platforms. Research conclusions can provide technical references for protecting ancient architectural color styles.
　　The traditional buildings in Yuezhao Area of Hongcun, Huizhou were chosen as the research object. The K-means clustering algorithm extracted color data of buildings in different sections of the Yuezhao Area, and a quantitative analysis of static order characteristics of each color interface was carried out. Concerning changes in hue data, the hue order with overall stability and partial contrast of color interface was created through the harmonic way of hue contrast. For changes in chrominance data, the unity of the color interface was maintained through the overall low- chrominance color composition. For changes in brightness data, the color hierarchy with a generally strong interface was built through fluctuation of brightness difference. Furthermore, the positional relations of hue, chrominance, and brightness were analyzed from the perspective of the dynamic color order. With respect to hue distribution, warm color was used as the basic color, interspersing with cool colors and neutral colors. A generally stable hue spatial order with slight changes was formed. In terms of chrominance distribution, a coordinated and unified chrominance space order was formed through continuous low-chrominance interfaces. For brightness distribution, a loose spatial order of brightness was formed through the interpenetration of medium- and high-brightness colors and the expression of low-brightness colors in different sections and forms.
　　Based on quantitative research conclusions, the restoration of color styles was explored using the arithmetic difference classification algorithm and image segmentation. The research shows that the difference value of brightness data fluctuates obviously in the static color order of traditional buildings in the Yuezhao Area, and the spatial distribution levels of brightness are distinctive in the dynamic color order. On this basis, the color style can be accurately restored. Simultaneously, the images after color subtraction from the original images are compared with the calculated images in this study through the Japanese color-site website. It can be seen that the brightness of images after color subtraction is a little lower. Both algorithms can render colors well. However, the subtracting program can only generate the subtracting image and the representative color legend, but can neither visualize the positional relation of hue, lightness, and chrominance component nor directly express the positional relation of colors. Secondly, hierarchical mapping is not limited to Huizhou buildings. When the chrominance contrast of the restored object is relatively strong, the chrominance channel diagram can be used for hierarchical restoration. Meanwhile, this reduction method has certain variability. It can realize color conversion by inputting appropriate color data according to visual effect in case of non-ideal colors after hierarchical restoration, which can provide some references to the design. This color reduction program cannot realize color conversion.




Application of Spatial Analytical Methods to Nature-based Solutions: Review of Research Progress
WEN Chen, QIAN Yaxuan, WU Chengcheng, QIU Yue
2023, 0(6):  86-95.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-0232.2023.06.010
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In the context of ecological civilization construction in China, "Nature-based Solution" (NbS) attracts significant attention to ecological restoration as a theory that is developed quickly. However, the critical link of the connection plan-application to spatial location analysis and evaluation-still faces challenges in practice. This study explores the research progress of spatial analysis in NbS through a literature review and summarizes critical contents, including challenges, themes, technical methods, and scales. It is expected to provide support to spatial decision-making for ecological restoration.
　　The research progress in applying spatial analysis to NbS was explored by combining qualitative and quantitative methods. The following steps are introduced: (1) Determine the research concepts and retrieve literature; (2) Conduct a quantitative analysis on hotspot evolution and theme clustering by using CiteSpace; (3) Conduct deep qualitative analysis of important studies and classify applications of spatial analysis to NbS according to different ways, including major contents, technical methods and scale, and corresponding keys and difficulties; (4) Three enlightenments are proposed based on literature review results. 
　　Therefore, the review contents were organized in multiple ways. Firstly, evaluation objects of spatial analysis were reviewed by the Driver-Pressure-State-Impact-Response (DPSIR) framework, and spatial analysis in NbS was understood from the planning perspective. Secondly, specific technical methods were reviewed based on the NbS challenge types proposed by Raymond's team, and differences in technical methods under different themes were discussed. Finally, scale information was supplemented and reviewed based on the NbS criteria proposed by IUCN.
　　The study discovered that the existing application scenes of spatial analysis mainly include flood management, river resilience planning, and ecosystem degradation caused by urban expansion. Technical methods involved in relevant studies include Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) derived from spatial overlay methods, hydrological models, spatial evaluation of ecosystem services, and Public Participation Geographic Information Systems (PPGIS). Relevant studies mainly focus on city scale or smaller.
　　Spatial analysis has been applied to nearly all types of environmental challenges. The involved links include: (1) geographic information integration and environmental feature analysis in the information collection stage; (2) modeling, visualization, and simulation in the plan design stage; (3) effectiveness evaluation, impact assessment, and plan optimization in the restoration plan evaluation stage. However, research emphases are dispersed, and spatial analysis techniques differ significantly. Some standard technical methods focus on evaluating blue-green infrastructure and ecological spaces, including ecological sensitivity evaluation, kernel density estimation, rainfall-runoff simulation, and habitat modeling. The involved data covers Digital Elevation Model (DEM), Land Use and Land Cover (LULC), and meteorological data. 
　　Spatial analysis is a vital link to implementing NbS. Through quantitative and qualitative literature analyses, this study reviewed empirical research concerning spatial analysis in NbS, and summarized application scenes, technical methods, and scales. Moreover, the theoretical model of the spatial location of NbS was further expanded, and suggestions applicable to spatial ecological restoration planning of national lands were proposed. It is suggested to connect the spatial analysis of NbS and existing environmental evaluation tools positively in practices of an ecological restoration plan to explore new techniques and methods. Further, spatial evaluation at the "demand side" of ecological restoration shall be strengthened. Particular attention shall be paid to socio-economic conditions and demand preferences of the groups involved.




Influence of Waterfront Environments on the Psychological Health of Older Adults during Winters: A Case Study based on Harbin
YUAN Qing, LI Hongrui, LENG Hong
2023, 0(6):  96-106.  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-0232.2023.06.011
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The psychological health of older adults has become an increasingly important public health issue in the background of aging. The deteriorating psychological health of older adults not only leads to a decrease in physical and cognitive functions but also increases the risk of morbidity and mortality. According to the Chinese National Mental Health Development Report (2019-2020), nearly one-third of older adults suffer from depression, and the psychological health of older adults is not optimistic. It is urgent to adopt countermeasures to improve their psychological health. Environmental characteristics of urban waterfront spaces, which are important places for the daily leisure activities of older adults, are closely related to their psychological health. As a subjective feeling and psychological judgment of people towards the surrounding environment and its changes, environmental perception is the psychological basis for the environmental behaviors of residents. Different environmental perceptions of residents will guide their behavioral activities, thereby generating a positive or negative impact on their psychological health. In addition, the climate in winter in cold region cities has notable influences on older adults and waterfront spaces compared to other common seasons. The action paths under specific climatic backgrounds have to be explored deeply. In this context, it is of great significance to clarify the influencing factors and pathways of environmental perception in winter waterfront spaces in cold region cities on the psychological health of older adults and to propose corresponding planning and optimization suggestions.
　　This study focuses on the influence of environmental perception during winter on waterfront spaces in cold region cities on the psychological health of older adults. Based on the summary and analysis of the research foundation, an environmental perception model of winter waterfront spaces was constructed. The relevant influencing factors, possible pathways, and research methods were determined. A structural equation model was built using the social environment and material environment as two perception dimensions, the psychological health of older adults as the dependent variable, and the behavior activities of older adults in winter waterfront spaces as the mediating variable. Based on this, a case study based on the winter waterfront space in Harbin within the Songhua River Basin was carried out, and 312 valid sample data were collected. Finally, an empirical study of the influences of environmental perception in winter waterfront spaces in cold regions on the psychological health of older adults was carried out after data analysis and processing. Moreover, the mediating effects of different behavioral activities of older adults were identified.
　　The study found that: (1) after controlling individual characteristics, environmental perception in winter waterfront spaces in cold regions significantly influences the psychological health of older adults. The landscape elements, social elements, comfort elements, and activity elements all have significant positive effects on the psychological health of older adults. The influencing degrees of these elements decrease successively; (2) Environmental perception in winter waterfront spaces in cold regions can directly or indirectly affect the psychological health of older adults through mediating effects. Specifically, the social elements and landscape elements perception can affect the psychological health of older adults directly and indirectly by influencing behavioral activities. In addition, the environmental perception of winter waterfront spaces directly influences older adults; (3) The mediating effects of different behavioral activities of older adults between environmental perception in winter waterfront spaces in cold regions and their psychological health were verified. The mediating effect of interactive waterfront activities is the greatest, followed by waterfront exercise activities, while other leisure activities have a lower mediating effect. This study discloses the influencing mechanism of environmental perception in winter waterfront spaces in cold regions on the psychological health of older adults, and it has some enlightenment to improving and reconstructing winter waterfront spaces in cold region cities.