Generation Mechanism of Landscape Architecture Aesthetics: Based on the Perspective of Axiological Aesthetics

doi:10.3969/j. issn.1000-0232. 2024. 11. 002

Abstract

Abstract: Landscape architecture aesthetics is a fundamental theory about the values of the landscape architecture discipline based on a solid philosophical foundation. As the landscape architecture discipline becomes comprehensive and interdisciplinary, the research object and research content of landscape architecture aesthetics continue to be enriched. The philosophical viewpoints of axiological aesthetics are used to analyze and explain the generation mechanism of landscape architecture aesthetics by reflecting on the philosophical basis of current studies on landscape architecture aesthetics. This breaks through studies confined to the aesthetic objects of landscape architecture and their aesthetic attributes to construct a systematic theory of landscape architecture aesthetics from the perspective of globalization and explore new ideas and methods.
　　Through the combination of diachronic organization and synchronic comparison, this study provides an in-depth overview of the current research on landscape architecture aesthetics at home and abroad and the problems in these studies. The systematic analysis of related literature reflects on the evolution of the theory of landscape architecture aesthetics and explores the evolution of its philosophical foundation from ontology and epistemology to axiology. In the process of constructing the generation mechanism of landscape architecture aesthetics, a logical method of "subject + object + activity" based on axiological aesthetics is constructed. This in-depth discussion of the subjective demand, objective attributes, and activity history in the process of landscape architecture aesthetics emphasizes that the interaction between subject and object in aesthetic activities is an important basis for understanding the generation of landscape architecture aesthetics.
　　The results show that landscape architecture aesthetics is not pre-existing; rather, it is a value born from the objective aesthetic attributes of landscape architecture and the subjective aesthetic demand in the aesthetic activities. Its value elements mainly include the objective value attributes, subjective demand value, and aesthetic activity value. Specifically, the generation mechanism of landscape architecture aesthetics contains three key factors. First, landscape architecture aesthetics come from aesthetic attributes, including formal, expressive, and revelation attributes that can satisfy people's aesthetic demands and provide emotional experience and pleasure. Second, the generation of landscape architecture aesthetics depends on the subjective aesthetic demand, which is influenced by the era, region, and cultural background. The subjective aesthetic demand has the characteristics of hierarchy, commonality, and diversity. Third, landscape architecture aesthetics are generated in aesthetic activities. Aesthetic activities are a type of life experience and emotional value activity based on the subjective aesthetic demand, characterized by ultra-utilitarianism, subjectivity, purposiveness, and regularity. It is manifested from the diachronism of the aesthetic subject's psychological activity in four stages: forming aesthetic attitude, obtaining aesthetic feeling, conducting aesthetic experience, and realizing aesthetic transcendence, which reflects the aesthetic subject's initiative and creativity in aesthetic activities.
　　This paper uses philosophical aesthetics to focus on the long-standing debate on the study of landscape architecture aesthetics from the object and proposes a theoretical framework based on axiological aesthetics, providing new perspectives and methods for studying landscape architecture aesthetics. The paper emphasizes that the generation of landscape architecture aesthetics is a dynamic and complex process involving the attributes of the aesthetic object, the demand of the aesthetic subject, and the development of aesthetic activities. Through the in-depth exploration of the generation mechanism of landscape architecture aesthetics, it aims to provide a theoretical perspective for solving the unity of philosophical foundation, aesthetic object, and generation mechanism in contemporary landscape architecture aesthetics, and to provide an aesthetic interpretation idea for the diversified development of the landscape architecture discipline.

Key words: landscape architecture aesthetics, axiological aesthetics, object aesthetic attributes, subjective aesthetic demand, aesthetic activity

摘要： 采用历时梳理与共时比较结合的方法，深入概述国内外风景园林美学研究现状，反思当前风景园林美学理论研究的哲学基础问题。尝试运用价值论美学的哲学观点对风景园林美的生成机制进行分析阐释，从而突破囿于风景园林审美对象及其审美属性的研究现状，梳理风景园林审美主体、审美客体、审美活动的复杂关系。研究认为：风景园林美并非预先存在，而是风景园林客体的审美属性与主体的审美需要在风景园林审美活动中契合而生的一种价值。风景园林美的生成机制包含三个关键因素：风景园林美来源于风景园林的审美属性，取决于主体的审美需要和审美趣味，产生于人对风景园林审美的活动之中。旨在为解决当代风景园林美学中哲学基础、审美对象、生成机制的统一提供一种理论视角，为多元发展的风景园林学科提供一种审美阐释的思路。

关键词: 关键词　风景园林美学, 价值论美学, 客体审美属性, 主体审美需要, 审美活动

CLC Number:

TU986
TU-026

TANG Xiaoxiang, XU Yingjin, SHU Chang, HU Yujia. Generation Mechanism of Landscape Architecture Aesthetics: Based on the Perspective of Axiological Aesthetics[J]. South Architecture, 2024, 0(11): 11-21.

唐孝祥, 徐应锦, 舒畅, 胡雨佳. 风景园林美的生成机制——基于价值论美学的视角#br#[J]. 南方建筑, 2024, 0(11): 11-21.

References

[1]刘滨谊．生态文明新时代中国风景园林学科的使命[J]．中国园林，2023，39(1)：6-13．
LIU Binyi．Mission of Chinese Landscape Architecture Discipline in New Era of Ecological Civilization[J]．Chinese Landscape Architecture，2023，39(1)：6-13．
[2]住房和城乡建设部人事司．增设风景园林学为一级学科论证报告[J]．中国园林，2011，27(5)：4-8．
Department of Human Resources of the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development of the People's Republic of China．Demonstration Report on Adding Landscape Architecture as the First Level Discipline[J]．Chinese Landscape Architecture，2011，27(5)：4-8．
[3]唐孝祥，袁月，马嘉雯．《风景园林美学》差异化联动式教学探析[J]．南方建筑，2022(6)：100-106．
TANG Xiaoxiang，YUAN Yue，MA Jiawen．Differentiated Coordinated Teaching in Aesthetics of Landscape Architecture[J]．South Architecture，2022(6)：100-106．
[4]许晓青，杨锐，庄优波．中国名山风景区审美价值识别框架研究[J]．中国园林，2016，32(9)：63-70．
XU Xiaoqing，YANG Rui，ZHUANG Youbo．Aesthetic Evaluation FrameworkResearch of Chinese Famous Mountainous Scenic Sites[J]．Chinese Landscape Architecture，2016，32(9)：63-70．
[5]朱立元．走向实践存在论美学——实践美学突破之途初探[J]. 湖南师范大学社会科学学报，2004(4)：41-47．
ZHU Liyuan．Approach to Practical Existential Aesthetics[J]．Journal of Social Science of Hunan Normal University，2004(4)：41-47．
[6]王向荣．风景园林学科发展的基石[J]．中国园林，2023，39(1)：2-3．
WANG Xiangrong．The Cornerstone of Landscape Architecture Discipline Development[J]．Chinese Landscape Architecture，2023，39(1)：2-3．
[7]刘滨谊．对于风景园林学5个二级学科的认识理解[J]．风景园林，2011(2)：23-24．
LIU Binyi．Understanding the five sub-disciplines of Landscape Architecture[J]．Landscape Architecture，2011(2)：23-24．
[8]王向荣．回归土地，一场中国艺术美学的复兴[J]．中国园林，2022，38(1)：2-3．
WANG Xiangrong．Returning to the Land——A Revival of Chinese Art Aesthetics[J]．Chinese Landscape Architecture，2022，38(1)：2-3．
[9]毕雪婷，韩锋．环境伦理视野下的自然价值及其审美解释[J].风景园林，2022，29(3)：112-116．
Bl Xueting，HAN Feng．Natural Value and its Aesthetic Interpretation from the Perspective of Environmental Ethics[J]．Landscape Architecture，2022，29(3)：112-116.
[10]刘晓光．景观美学[M]．北京：中国林业出版社，2012．
LIU Xiaoguang．Aesthetics or Landscape Architecture[M]．Beijing：China Forestry Publishing House，2012．
[11]Diderot D．On art and artists： an anthology of Diderot's aesthetic thought[M]．Springer Science & Business Media，2010．
[12]余树勋．园林美与园林艺术[M]．北京：中国建筑工业出版社，2006．
YU Shuxun．Aesthetic and Artistic Landscape[M]．Beijing：China Architecture & Building Press，2006．
[13]宗白华．美学散步[M]．上海：上海人民出版社，2005．
ZONG Baihua．Aesthetic Walk[M]．Shanghai：Shanghai People's Publishing House，2005．
[14]陈从周．说园[M]．上海：同济大学出版社，2007．
CHEN Congzhou．ON CHINESE GARDENS[M]．Shanghai：Tongji University Press，2007．
[15]金学智．中国园林美学[M]．北京：中国建筑工业出版社，2005．
JIN Xuezhi．Chinese Garden Aesthetics[M]．Beijing：China Architecture & Building Press，2005．
[16]周武忠．园林美学[M]．北京：中国农业出版社，1996．
ZHOU Wuzhong．Landscape Aesthetics[M]．Beijing：China Agriculture Press，1996．
[17]龚天雁．中国园林美学三种研究视野之对比分析[D]．济南：山东大学，2015．
GONG Tianyan．A Comparative Analysis of the Three Perspectives in Studies of Chinese Garden Aesthetics[D].Jinan：Shandong University，2015．
[18]刘滨谊．走向景观感应——景观感知及视觉评价的传承发展[J]．风景园林，2022，29(9)：12-17．
LIU Binyi．Towards Landscape Interaction： Inheritance and Development of Landscape Perception and Visual Evaluation[J]．Landscape Architecture，2022，29(9)：12-17．
[19]Appleton J．The experience of landscape[M]．London：John Wiley and Sons，1975．
[20]Jorgensen A．Beyond the view：Future directions in landscape aesthetics research．Landscape and Urban Planning，2011，100(4)：353-355．
[21]Berleant A，Bourassa S C．The Aesthetics of Landscape[M]．Belhaven Press，1991．
[22]孙筱祥．风景·园林美学[J]．中国园林，1992(2)：14-22.
SUN Xiaoxiang．Landscape and Garden Aesthetics[J]．Chinese Landscape Architecture，1992(2)：14-22．
[23]曹林娣，沈岚．中国园林美学思想史隋唐五代两宋辽金元卷[M]．上海：同济大学出版社，2015．
CAO Lindi，SHEN Lan．History of Aesthetic Thought in Chinese Gardens Sui，Tang，Five Dynasties，Two Song，Liao，Jin，and Yuan Periods[M]．Shanghai：Tongji University Press，2015．
[24]唐孝祥，冯惠城．美学理论视角下风景园林美学的研究对象探析[C]//中国风景园林学会．中国风景园林学会2022年会论文集．北京：中国建筑工业出版社，2023：3．
TANG Xiaoxiang，FENG Huicheng．Discussion on the Research Object of Landscape Aesthetics[C]//Chinese Society of Landscape Architecture．Proceedings of the 2022 Annual Conference of the Chinese Society of Landscape Architecture．Beijing：China Architecture & Building Press，2023：3．
[25]沈洁，王向荣．风景园林价值观之思辨[J]．中国园林，2015，31(6)：40-44．
SHEN Jie，WANG Xiangrong．The Reflection and Analysis on the Values System of Landscape Architecture[J]．Chinese Landscape Architecture，2015，31(6)：40-44．
[26]刘方馨，孙皓．审美作为中介：20世纪80年代“美学热”浪潮下我国园林美学理论建构与发展研究[J]．美与时代(上)，2022(2)：4-9．
LIU Fangxin，SUN Hao．Aesthetics as Mediation： A Study on the Construction and Development of Landscape Aesthetic Theory in China during the Aesthetic Fever of the 1980s[J]．Designs，2022(2)：4-9．
[27]Plato H G．The collected dialogues of Plato[M]．Princeton University Press，1962．
[28]Hegel G W F，Knox T M．Aesthetics ： lectures on fine art[M]．Clarendon Press，1975．
[29]唐孝祥．风景园林美学十五讲[M]．北京：中国建筑工业出版社，2022．
TANG Xiaoxiang．Aesthetics of Landscape Architecture： Fifteen Lectures[M]．Beijing：China Architecture & Building Press，2022．
[30]René Descartes．Meditations on first philosophy[M]．Cambridge：Cambridge University Press，1996．
[31]程相占．论生态审美的四个要点[J]．天津社会科学，2013，5(5)：120-125．
CHENG Xiangzhan．Four Key Points on Ecological Aesthetics[J]．Tianjin Social Sciences，2013，5(5)：120-125．
[32]李连科．价值哲学引论[M]．北京：商务印书馆，1999．
LI Lianke．An Introduction to the Axiology[M]．Beijing：The Commercial Press，1999．
[33]Marx K．Economic and philosophic manuscripts of 1844
[J]．Economica，1960，26(104)：379.
[34]李泽厚．华夏美学[M]．天津：天津社会科学院出版社，2002．
LI Zehou．THE CHINESE AESTHETIC TRADITION[M]．Tianjin：Tianjin Academy of Social Sciences Press，2002．
[35]Nohl W．Sustainable landscape use and aesthetic perception–preliminary reflections on future landscape aesthetics[J]．Landscape and urban Planning，2001，54(1-4)：0-237．
[36]Croce B．The essence of aesthetic[M]．London：Heinemann，1921．
[37]朱立元．简论实践存在论美学[J]．人文杂志，2006(3)：76-86+162．
ZHU Liyuan．A brief discussion of practical existential aesthetics[J]．The Journal of Humanities，2006(3)：76-86，162．
[38]朱志君．价值与价值评价：主客体关系的深层思考[J]．辽宁师范大学学报，2003(1)：1-6．
ZHU Zhijun．Value and Value Evaluation： Deep Reflections on the Relationship between Subject and Object[J]．Journal of Liaoning Normal University(Social Science Edition)，2003(1)：1-6．
[39]唐孝祥．近代岭南建筑美学研究[M]．北京：中国建筑工业出版社，2004．
TANG Xiaoxiang．Aesthetics of Modern Lingnan Architecture[M]．Beijing：China Architecture & Building Press，2004．
[40]Russell B．My philosophical development[M]．Taylor & Francis，2022．
[41]萨缪尔·亚历山大．艺术、价值与自然[M]．韩东晖，译．北京：华夏出版社，2000．
Authored by Alexander S．Art，Value and Nature[M]．Translated by Han Donghui．Beijing：HUA XIA PUBLISHING HOUSE，2000．
[42]唐孝祥．美学基础[M]．广州：华南理工大学出版社，2006.
TANG Xiaoxiang．Aesthetics Foundation[M]．Guangzhou：South China University of Technology Press，2006．
[43]宗白华．略谈艺术的“价值结构”[A]//宗白华．美学与意境[C]．北京：文化发展出版社，2018：121-124．
ZONG Baihua．The‘Value Structures’of Art[A]．//Aesthetics and Context[C]．Beijing：Culture Development Press，2018：121-124．
[44]沈洁．西方园林的美学演进——兼论西方园林的“自然”[J].风景园林，2017(9)：91-98．
SHEN Jie．The Evolution Process of Western Gardens Aesthetics and the Discussion of the "Nature" in Western Gardens[J]．Landscape Architecture，2017(9)：91-98．
[45]Russell B．History of western philosophy[M]．London：Routledge，2004．
[46]Thomas Aquinas．On the Principles of Nature De principiis naturae[M]．Sebastopol：The Career Press．2011．
[47]Hogarth W．The analysis of beauty[M]．Hildesheim：Georg Olms Verlag，1810．
[48]Fechner G T．Vorschule der aesthetik[M]．Leipzig：Breitkopf & Härtel，1876．
[49]Bosanquet B．Three lectures on aesthetic[M]．Toronto：Macmillan and Company，Limited，1915．
[50] Bell C．Art[M]．London：Chatto & Windus，1916．
[51]Collingwood R G．The principles of art[M]．Oxford：Oxford University Press，1958．
[52]Hepburn Ronald W．Contemporary Aesthetics and the Neglect of Natural Beauty[J]．Wonder and Other Essays，1984，３(3)：9-35．
[53]滕守尧．审美心理描述[M]．成都：四川人民出版社，2022.
TENG Shouyao．Aesthetic Psychological Description[M]．Chengdu：Sichuan People's Publishing House，2022．
[54]中共中央马克思恩格斯列宁斯大林著作编译局．马克思恩格斯全集[M]．北京：人民出版社，2019．
Central Compilation and Translation Bureau．The Complete Marx and Engels Collection[M]．Beijing：People's Publishing House，2019．
[55]朱狄．原始文化研究——对审美发生问题的思考[M]．北京：生活·读书·新知三联书店，1988．
ZHU Di．Primitive Cultural Studies： Reflections on the Problem of Aesthetic Occurrence[M]．Beijing：SDX Joint Publishing Company，1988．
[56]Aristotle A，Aristotle．Metaphysics[M]．Cambridge： Harvard University Press，1933．
[57]王南．象天法地，规矩方圆——中国古代都城、宫殿规划布局之构图比例探析[J]．建筑史，2017(2)：77-125．
WANG Nan．The Principle of Modeling Heavenand Earth，the Rules of Squareand Circle：A Deep Analysis on Geometric Compositions of the Planning of Capital Cities and Palace Buildings in Ancient China[J]．History of Architecture，2017(2)：77-125．
[58]朱狄．当代西方美学[M]．武汉：武汉大学出版社，2007．
ZHU Di．Contemporary Western Aesthetics[M]．Wuhan： Wuhan University Press，2007．
[59]许晓青．中国名山风景区审美价值识别与保护[D]．北京：清华大学，2015．
XU Xiaoqing．Aesthetic Value ldentification andConservation in Chinese MountainScenic Areas[D]．Beijing：Tsinghua University，2015．
[60]唐孝祥．岭南近代建筑文化与美学[M]．北京：中国建筑工业出版社，2010．
TANG Xiaoxiang．Culture and Aesthetics of Modern Architecture in Lingnan[M]．Beijing：China Architecture & Building Press，2010．
[61]刘滨谊，廖宇航．大象无形·意在笔先——中国风景园林美学的哲学精神[J]．中国园林，2017，33(9)：5-9．
LlU Binyi，LlAO Yuhang．The Great lmage Seems Formless andConception before Initiation-ThePhilosophical Spirit of ChineseLandscape Architecture Aesthetics[J]．Chinese Landscape Architecture，2017，33(9)：5-9．
[62]周艳芳．陈从周江南园林美学思想研究[D]．哈尔滨：哈尔滨师范大学，2017．
ZHOU Yanfang．Research on the Aesthetic Thought of Jiangnan Gardens by Chen Congzhou[D]．Harbin：Harbin Normal University，2017．
[63]蒋国忠．审美艺术教程[M]．上海：复旦大学出版社，2005.
JIANG Guozhong．Aesthetic Art Course[M]．Shanghai： Fudan University Press，2005．
[64]吴硕贤．三景融合与中国古典园林多元景观构成[J]．南方建筑，2022(10)：1-4．
WU Shuoxian．Integration of Soundscape，Smellscapeand Lightscape and Diversified Landscape Construction of Traditional Chinese Gardens[J]．South Architecture，2022(10)：1-4．
[65]张莉莉．中国园林美学视角下的济南山水城市营造研究[D].天津：天津大学，2020．
ZHANG Lili．Landscape City Construction in Jinan fromthe Perspective of Chinese Garden Aesthetics[D]．Tianjin：Tianjin University，2020．
[66]王旭晓．美学原理[M]．上海：东方出版中心，2012．
Wang Xuxiao．Principles of Aesthetics[M]．Shanghai： Oriental Publishing Centre，2012．