Abstract: The safe evacuation of teaching buildings in elementary schools is crucial to student safety. Given the widespread distribution and high density of elementary schools, coupled with the unique attributes of elementary students, the safety of elementary school buildings has become a focus of concern. Currently, there is insufficient research on the evacuation of common buildings such as those used for elementary school teaching. Teaching spaces are the primary functional spaces of teaching buildings in elementary schools and have various layouts and organizational relationships. Their functional layout determines the distribution of personnel. Different functions correspond to different personnel densities and attributes. The functional layout of a building is closely associated with its overall evacuation efficiency. In this study, the functional layout of elementary school buildings and their evacuation characteristics were explored with a focus on differences in personnel attributes and spatial distributions due to different building functions. The relationships between personnel attributes, personnel quantity, and functional layout were examined through evacuation simulations with a focus on two aspects: ordinary classroom distributions and comprehensive classroom layout patterns. 
　　Firstly, current studies on the evacuation movements of children in China and abroad were reviewed. The basic operational principles of the evacuation simulation software and the evacuation efficiency evaluation system were outlined. Evacuation drills were conducted at real schools and relevant data were collected. Based on the literature and evacuation drills, parameters for evacuation simulations of elementary school students in China were determined in accordance with the specific conditions in China. Moreover, a simulation analysis was carried out to verify the reliability of this parameter setting.
　　Secondly, simulation studies based on an ordinary classroom distribution and comprehensive classroom distribution were carried out. In the study of the ordinary classroom distribution mode, differences in individual evacuation attributes were a major influencing factor. Scenario models were built in combination with classification features. The evacuation efficiency in different scenarios was comprehensively analyzed from the perspectives of evacuation time, personnel dispersion, density distribution, congestion, and other aspects. The results revealed that personnel can be divided into different groups and layers vertically. Classrooms for young students should be located on low floors. The short evacuation distance and completion time are convenient for the fast safe evacuation of these students, thus decreasing potential risks. With respect to horizontal organization, there were crossing and mixing phenomena. Comprehensive consideration was given to the combination of the evacuation characteristics of the disadvantaged groups and the daily use and management demands. Scenes were classified according to the vertical and horizontal layouts of spaces with different densities. Based on the simulations, high-density spaces were set at low floors to increase evacuation efficiency; congestion can be decreased by combining these spaces with the entrance and exit of halls. Setting high-density spaces on upper floors will increase congestion risks in upper stair areas, resulting in high risks. In the horizontal layout, a mixed arrangement can decrease the uneven personnel distribution caused by excessive concentration of high-density spaces. However, this has some difficulties in practical management. 
　　Finally, the relationships between the functional distribution and evacuation efficiency were summarized. The functional integration and optimization principles of adaptation, balance, and integrity of teaching buildings in elementary schools were proposed. These research results can provide references and data support for the optimal layout of teaching buildings and architectural design in elementary schools, addressing challenges in the evacuation of primary school students. Moreover, these findings offer a basic reference for the formulation of evacuation strategies for existing teaching buildings. 

Key words: teaching buildings in elementary schools, functional layout, personnel attributes, personnel density, evacuation simulation

摘要： 小学教学楼的安全疏散是保障小学生生命安全的重要环节。从疏散视角，探讨小学教学楼的功能分布方式及其疏散特征，关注因功能分布引起的人员属性及人员数量分布的差异性，借助疏散模拟量化方法从普通教室分布方式与教室综合布置模式两方面研究人员属性、数量与功能分布相关联的规律，并提出小学教学楼功能的适配性、均衡性、整体性的整合优化原则。研究结果为小学教学楼建筑疏散提供基础依据，对相关设计安全疏散研究与实践具有借鉴意义。

关键词: 小学教学楼, 功能分布, 人员属性, 人员密度, 疏散模拟