HUL视角下中国近现代公寓建筑遗产谱系研究

doi:10. 3969/j. issn. 1000-0232. 2024. 02. 002

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 建筑遗产谱系研究对于城乡建筑遗产保护与文化传承工作具有指导意义。中国近现代历史公寓是一种特殊的建筑遗产类型，其与中国近现代国家、城市发展历史背景紧密关联，具有城市历史景观属性。以谱系视角切入公寓建筑遗产研究，借鉴城市历史景观理论，建构了以建筑功能类型和历史范型关联解析为研究路径，以时期划分、语境解析、特征识别、谱系建构为研究步骤，以建筑属性特征3要素（区位条件、权属主体、称谓方式）和形态特征3要素（空间组织、形体轮廓、装饰细部）为研究要素的城市建筑遗产谱系研究方法。通过多样区、多时段关联解析，梳理、识别出1840年—1980年间中国公寓建筑建造的历史语境、多元特征和时代价值，并据此建构出以住宅、宿舍、旅社3大类及其9亚类、18小类功能类型和以开埠通商、民族革命、抗战斗争、解放建国初、人民公社与三线建设5阶段22类历史范型为类属坐标的中国近现代公寓建筑遗产谱系。相关方法、结论可为城市建筑遗产谱系研究和公寓建筑遗产保护实践提供参考。

关键词: 建筑历史, 近现代建筑, 公寓建筑, 遗产谱系, 历史范型, 城市历史景观

Abstract: Architectural genealogy study is a paradigm of architectural research that reveals the characteristics and evolutionary process of specific architectural types through multi-sample analysis and spectral relationship sorting. It helps to scientifically identify the characteristics and significance of architectural heritage objects, thus enabling one to accurately classify architectural heritage types and provide targeted guidance for their preservation and displaying their practices.
　　The apartment buildings constructed in Modern China are a special type of architectural heritage because they have witnessed and recorded the national and ethnic development history in different periods of modern China, with typical styles. They play an important role in urban history, cultural values and public aesthetics. They are often listed and conserved as cultural heritage sites or historic buildings.
　　The historical apartment buildings constructed in different cities and periods have extensive and profound genealogical connections. Therefore, it is necessary to observe a systematic logic during value exploration, culture interpretation, and conservation management of them. Research on architectural heritage conservation is limited due to the governance logic of "regional autonomy" and lack of recognition as well as value review of architectural heritages in specific cities and periods. However, there is a lack of systematic research that could integrate regional heritage characteristics and value clues from a macro perspective of national and ethnic development, evolution processes, heritage classification and heritage genealogy construction. As a result, it is difficult to establish accurate category coordinates and scientific value genealogy of conservation objects.
　　This study investigated apartment building heritage preservation from a genealogical perspective. Based on the theory of historical urban landscape, a research method for architectural genealogy in urban areas was established. This method used the correlation analysis between architectural functional types and historical paradigm as the research path, period division, contextual analysis, feature recognition and genealogical construction as steps and three architectural attribute characteristics (locations, ownerships, and appellations) and three elements of morphological characteristics (spatial organization, form contours, and decorative details) as analytical elements. This research method overcomes existing architectural heritage research limitations within the era and city as well as existing architectural genealogy research limitations within regional pedigrees and morphological vocabularies.
　　This study reviewed and identified the historical contexts, multi-element characteristics and values of Chinese apartment buildings constructed from 1840 to 1980 through multi-region and multi-period analysis. An architectural heritage genealogy of modern and contemporary Chinese apartments covers 3 categories (residential apartments, dormitory apartments and hotel apartments), 9 subcategories (villa, townhouses, neighborhood housing, building residences, corridor dormitories, folding corridor dormitories, row house dormitories, garden hotels and hostels), 18 functional types, 5 stages (period of port opening and trade, period of national revolution, period of resistance war, founding stage of the People's Republic of China and period of People's Commune and third line construction) and 22 historical paradigm (concession staff apartments, gentry mansions, commercial rental apartments, workers' housing, Soviet expert building, foreign guesthouse, People's Commune buildings and third-line staff dormitory). The above conclusions could guide the registration and conservation practices of corresponding architectural heritage in various regions.

Key words: architectural history, modern and contemporary architecture, apartment building, heritage genealogy, historical paradigm, historic urban landscape

中图分类号:

TU-02
TU-098

肖竞, 齐才砚, 谢嫣然, 李若晨, 曹珂. HUL视角下中国近现代公寓建筑遗产谱系研究[J]. 南方建筑, 2024, 0(2): 10-19.

Xiao Jing, Qi Caiyan, Xie yanran, Li Ruochen, Cao Ke. Heritage Genealogy Study of Chinese Modern Apartment Buildings from the Perspective of Historic Urban Landscape[J]. South Architecture, 2024, 0(2): 10-19.

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