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Volume 0 Issue 6
30 June 2025
Column: Research on Planning / Research on Design / Landscape Design / Provide for the Aged and Heathy /
    Research on Planning
  • A Study on the Evolutionary Characteristics of Guangzhou's Commercial Space from 2012 to 2022
    CHEN Shuying, CHEN Ande, FU Yingxia, JIAO Jian, WEI Dan, HU Yang
    2025, 0(6):  1. 
    Abstract    PDF ( )  
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    The evolution of urban commercial space reflects the interaction between urbanization and socioeconomic development. It also serves as a key carrier of urban spatial structural optimization and changes in residents' consumer behaviors. In this study, dynamic evolution characteristics of commercial space from 2012 to 2022 were investigated systematically, aiming to disclose variation laws of commercial space in mega-cities in the context of rapid urbanization, consumption upgrading, and technological transformation. A quantitative analysis of multidimensional commercial space changes was conducted using kernel density analysis, gravity models, and sphere-of-influence delineation based on point-of-interest (POI) data from three time periods. Results showed that: (1) Commercial space in Guangzhou has experienced distinct phases of development. From 2012 to 2017, the city underwent rapid expansion, with the number of commercial facilities increasing from 91,300 to 470,400. From 2017 to 2022, the city entered a relatively stable phase. The total number of facilities was basically stable. The structure of commercial format structures also shifted, characterized by an increase in catering services, a contraction in retail services, and improvements in support services. Specifically, the proportion of catering facilities rose from 22.13% to 33.41%, whereas shopping facilities decreased from 69.46% to 56.97%, indicating a shift in consumer demand from "necessity-oriented" to "experience-oriented" consumption. (2) Concerning spatial distribution, commercial facilities exhibit a clear pattern of spatial clustering, gradually spreading along metro transit lines. A dual-core structure has emerged, centered on the Tianhe Road-Zhujiang New Town area and the Beijing Road area in Yuexiu District. A cross-shaped expansion pattern formed from 2012 to 2017, and local spatial adjustment was presented from 2017 to 2022. Commercial density intensified in key areas but declined in others, which might be related to the COVID-19 pandemic and changing consumer preferences. (3) The business center system in Guangzhou has undergone significant restructuring in the past decade. The number of business centers increased from 10 to 25, forming a hierarchical structure characterized by "dual-core leadership, linear expansion, and multi-nodal support". The hierarchical business center system was formed gradually. This system covers two primary municipal business centers, six secondary municipal centers, six regional centers, and 11 regional nodes. As the traditional primary business center, Beijing Road formed a dual-center system with the Tianhe Road business district. (4) The sphere of influence of business centers exhibits a spatial distribution pattern of "continuous distribution in the central urban area and isolated clusters in peripheral districts". The central urban area was covered completely, and the business structure dominated by Beijing Road shifted to its co-leadership with Tianhe Road-Zhujiang New Town. There is a significant expansion in peripheral areas, whereas the sphere of influence in some centers weakened in the late phase. This revealed that the market competitiveness and risk resistance have to be improved. In sum, the evolution of commercial space in Guangzhou reveals a shift from quantitative expansion to qualitative optimization, which was driven by multiple factors. These include the development of rail transit, the rise of e-commerce, changes in consumer behavior, and policy support. Future urban commercial space planning should pay attention to multilevel layouts, balance traditional and emerging business districts, facilitate coordinated development of central urban and peripheral areas, optimize business network systems, and promote the balanced and sustainable development of urban commercial space.
  • The Planning Operational Mechanism of the Special Policy Zone in France and Its Inspiration for Detailed Planning in China: A Case Study Based on the Protocol Development Zone of Paris
    LI Zhenshen, HUANG Ying, LIN Ruochen, CHEN Yongming
    2025, 0(6):  12. 
    Abstract    PDF ( )  
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    The special policy zones of cities can be traced back to the specific intention area of flexible regulation rules in the zoning reform of New York, United States, in the 1960s. The early related practices in China appeared as economic and technological development zones. Since the 21st century, it has been transformed into "key areas" represented by the central business district, a core area of the new city, key functional platforms, and major project plates. To date, the institutional development of the special policy zone is characteristic of multilevel policy supply, coordination among various departments, and the coexistence of multilevel planning and design such as development planning, special planning, detailed planning, and architectural design.
    　　France's protocol development zone (zone d' aménagement concerté) can provide important references to the governance concept transformation and policy design of China's territory spatial detailed planning. By observing and analyzing the institutional framework, the operational mechanism, and the implementation effectiveness of the protocol development zone of Paris, France, this study finds that the protocol development zone has a dual nature of regulation and planning in terms of legal status. It is both a local legal regulation with universal binding force and a planning text that reflects local development goals. The operation mechanism of the protocol development zone reflects the negotiation and empowerment throughout the entire process. In the establishment phase, it is a public action involving multiple parties, including government departments, public institutions, market-oriented enterprises, land ownership parties, social groups, residents, and multiple other subjects. In the implementation research phase, the principle of public private cooperation plays an important role, including two modes of government implementation and franchising. In the Level 1 land development phase, four ways of land acquisition were adopted: friendly negotiation, priority purchase, general acquisition, and voluntary expropriation. In the project construction phase, the chief landscape designer, coordinating architect, and project architect carry out design control jointly, reflecting the government's empowerment behavior in the planning and design management process.
    　　In ZAC Clichy Batignolles in Paris, the universal rules of local urban planning can be adapted to specific needs by revising the proportion and boundaries of zoning, adjusting the requirements for building setbacks along the central park, relaxing building height limits, and replacing single plot ratio with overall plot ratio. During the development process, the implementation approach of government investment and franchising linkage is adopted to maximize the sharing of financial pressure and balance the interests of the government, market, and original land owners. The "Four Committees"—the Strategic Guidance Committee, Technical Supervision Committee, Owner Coordination Committee, and Owner Technical Committee System—promote vertical and horizontal interaction in problem definition, benefit allocation, external recruitment, and knowledge mobilization. In addition, the public participation mechanism was implemented using various forms in three stages around 12 topics. 
    　　The experience of spatial detailed planning compilation, management, and implementation governance is summarized according to China's national territory spatial planning reform in the new period. First, it is necessary to accurately divide zones that require differentiated policy support according to the urban development strategy. Urban planning should strengthen the guidance of development goals and guarantee public facilities and implementation arrangements based on covering universal compilation content, reserve sufficient adaptability and flexibility, and enhance planning implementation. Second, it is necessary to strengthen the coordination of multiple interests and enhance the efficiency and governance of planning. It is suggested that the power, responsibility and interest relationships between the government and the market's "community of interests" be standardized. The plan should be promoted through government empowerment in multiple ways. It should further explore the decision-making power of multiple particles; establish and improve supporting systems such as delegated representative rules; attach detailed attention to the process design and organization of planning, negotiation, and decision-making behavior; and strengthen the model of "government driven, experts, enterprises, and social organizations jointly guiding, and residents participating". This will guide development toward a broader and deeper direction in terms of empowerment subjects and levels.
  • Research on the Quantitative Allocation of Community Recreation Space based on the Characteristics of Crowd Activities under the All-age-friendly Goal
    WU Ruoyue, GU Qianhua, HUANG Duo
    2025, 0(6):  24. 
    Abstract    PDF ( )  
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    As an activity that satisfies people's physical and mental health and pleasure, recreational behavior is essential for urban residents to obtain happiness. All-age-friendly development is a crucial goal of urban community construction. Particularly, the needs of the vulnerable must always be fully considered. In the context of the current structural changes in urban population, on the one hand, the refined allocation of community recreation space under the all-age-friendly goal is an important issue to improve the quality of urban space. In contrast, it is a concrete embodiment of the people-centered urban construction concept.
    　　Firstly, the relationships between age groups, vulnerable group types, recreational behaviors, and recreational space were established. The applied data was introduced, including actual population data, recreational space vector data and transportation network data. Specifically, actual population data was the new urban data type with spatial and attribute granularity refined to individuals of independent populations in the city. It is fundamental to realize all-age-friendly refined allocation of recreational space, which can consider vulnerable people. 
    　　On this basis, a quantitative recreational space allocation and optimization model based on characteristics of the crowd activity under the all-age-friendly goal was developed. It comprised estimating recreational space demand scale, layout evaluation, and optimization allocation. During the recreational space demand scale estimation, all age and vulnerable groups were divided based on the actual population data and connected with recreational behaviors. The demand scale of recreational space was estimated by combining the simultaneous rate and priority coefficients. During layout evaluation and optimization allocation, a network analysis was carried out based on road network data and recreational space data, getting the single-group coverage rates and comprehensive population coverage rates for 5-minute, 10-minute and 15-minute recreational space service areas. The service status of community-level recreational spaces was revealed by combining single-group coverage rates and demand scales. The recreational space supply level could be gained by combining comprehensive population coverage rates and demand scale. Finally, the supply level was evaluated comprehensively, combined with the supply scale, and optimization strategies for allocating recreational space were proposed.
    　　The scales and spatial distributions of all age groups and vulnerable groups were extracted from the age and gender attributes of the actual population. On this basis, an empirical study regarding refined quantitative allocation of recreational space based on actual population data was carried out in the surrounding areas of the central axis of Guangzhou City. It demonstrated that the existing recreational space scale in the central axis area of Guangzhou City met the demand scale, and the comprehensive population coverage rate reached 90% of the target value. The old and the pregnant-infant groups were completely addressed within the 10-minute walking space, but incompletely within the 5-minute space. Such differentiation was attributed to insufficient recreational spaces and insufficient road network construction. Hence, recreational spaces must be added to the study area's southern part of Shipai Street, Xinqing Village, Xian Village, and surrounding areas of the Dongxing Community. 
    　　Finally, evaluating community-level recreational space for all ages and vulnerable groups could be refined based on actual population data. Research conclusions could support the reasonable and scientific planning of community-level recreational spaces.
    • Research on Design
  • Research Progress and Application of Eye-tracking Technology in Built Environment
    ZHU Dingxiao, LU Baichuan, ZHANG Wei, SHI Yixiong
    2025, 0(6):  33. 
    Abstract    PDF ( )  
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    Objective: As a key tool to analyze human visual behavior and cognitive mechanisms, eye-tracking technology has been increasingly applied to study built environments in recent years. However, there are insufficient systematic reviews and standardized experimental protocols. Existing studies predominantly focus on single-scenario analyses or isolated technical dimensions, lacking integrative exploration of cross-domain applicability, multimodal integration potential, and methodological heterogeneity. This study aims to disclose the evolutionary pathways of eye-tracking technology in the field of built environment, core research themes, and methodological frameworks through a literature review at home and abroad in the recent two decades. It elucidates domain-specific applications and challenges across sub-fields (e.g., architectural heritage conservation and urban design). It proposes innovative directions for technical refinement and interdisciplinary collaboration to enhance the objectivity of studies on environmental behaviors and lay the foundations for guidance in practical projects. 
    　　Method: Relevant studies from 2005 to 2024 were searched systematically from China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) and Web of Science Core Collection. A visual analysis of keyword clusters and temporal trends was conducted using Cite Space knowledge mapping tools. The key research themes—such as visual preference, behavioral decision-making, and spatial perception—were identified. Finally, 217 studies were included after strict screening. Experimental designs, indicator selection, and device applicability were summarized systematically by combining them with a visual perception framework. Some typical cases, including architectural heritage preservation and urban public space evaluation, were chosen for a comparative analysis of differences in experimental process and multimodal data integration strategies under different scenes, aiming to disclose internal application logic and innovation pathways of the eye-tracking technology.
    　　Conclusions: Research hotspots and experimental methods of eye-tracking technology in the field of built environments show significant systematic characteristics. The experimental process consists of theoretical framework establishment, variable control, device selection, data acquisition, and analysis methods. With respect to experimental design, static image media are mainly applied to studies on visual preference and emotional experience. Dynamic scenes are most applied to behavioral decision-making and cognition process analysis. For indicator selection, gaze-based indicators dominate visual attention research, whereas pupil-based indicators are mainly applied to analyze emotional arousal. Indicators of twitching of the eyelid and scanning path emphasize the analysis of cognitive strategies. It has become increasingly popular to integrate multimodal data, and research on complicated environments is combined with EEG, ECG or environmental sensor data to reveal the psychological significance limitation of a single indicator. Research hotspots concentrate on four major directions: namely, building space perception and behavior pattern, urban public space experience and evaluation, attention recovery and emotional experience, and multidimensional perceptual interaction. 
    　　Eye-tracking technology provides high-precision behavior and cognitive analytic tools to study built environments. However, its deep applications have to break the limitations of technological isolation and theoretical separation. Key attention should be paid to the innovation of three aspects in future: (1) strengthening the integration of multiple technologies, such as combining VR to optimize immersive experiences and using AI deep learning to establish dynamic design response mechanisms; (2) expanding research on multimodal perceptual interaction by integrating sensory data such as soundscapes and tactile feedback to enhance the integrity of environmental experiences; and (3) deepening interdisciplinary collaboration by embedding psychological and neuroscientific theories into experimental designs to analyze the multidimensional driving mechanisms of environmental behavior. This study demonstrates that research can focus on the optimization of eye-tracking interaction mechanisms, high-risk scene cognition modeling, and dynamic protection strategies of historical cultural spaces to facilitate research paradigm shifts from "data-driven" to "design-empowered", finally facilitating practices of the smart human-oriented built environment.
  • A Study of Old Residential Space Renewal Strategies in Changsha under the Influence of New Media Communication: A Case Based on Chaozong Street Star Position
    YAN Xiangqi, LI Jia, WANG Di, LI Yaohua
    2025, 0(6):  42. 
    Abstract    PDF ( )  
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    The new media industry is booming due to the promotion of the internet and contemporary information technologies, accompanied by an increasing relationship between new media and urban space. With the rise of new media marketing, physical spaces have gradually evolved into carriers for media communication, and spaces with explicit symbols have become pivotal drivers of information dissemination. Spaces with a strong visual impact and immersive experiential scenarios often can garner more internet traffic and attention in the virtual world, thus revitalizing the offline physical environment. Consequently, new media communication and marketing have become critical factors influencing the rise and decline of urban spaces. Exploring the interactive mechanisms between new media communication and urban spaces and identifying methods and pathways for new media to engage in urban spatial production has transformative significance for urban renewal in the future.
    　　A systematic analysis of the forms and characteristics of new media communication found that new media communication is essentially content production and sharing of users under the "crowdsourcing" mode, focusing on winning more internet traffic and scenes. Under this circumstance, public perception of urban spaces has shifted from traditional on-site experiences and word-of-mouth to a complex interplay of virtual and physical information. Urban spaces are not only simple functional containers for living, working, or transportation, but they have also been transformed into intentional media and venues for social interaction. Due to the dissemination and marketing of new media, it is possible to realize the "virtual agglomeration" of physical spaces with low accessibility in reality. Human-human and human-space interactions can transcend restrictions of spatial location and accessibility, thus making corner spaces in cities "visible". The reproduction of urban spaces is not limited to geological locations, locational conditions and traffic networks. Internet traffic has increasingly prominent effects on urban space. Urban renewal is also shifting from a traditional concentric mode to a polycentric "acupuncture-style" mode. In this process, spatially catalytic nodes with diverse identities and rich scenarios stand out in the new media era, exerting broader influence to revitalize entire districts.
    　　The unique postmodern urban marketing strategy in Changsha has facilitated a paradigm shift from "geographic space" to "cultural symbol", emphasizing the fusion of "micro-narratives" and "localized characteristics" during the production of urban space to convert short-term internet traffic into long-term values. Old residential areas in Changsha, represented by Chaozong Street Star Position, show a spatial production mode of "dual virtual-physical states". Moreover, a "social-economic-cultural" integrated renewal strategy is adopted to establish a closed-loop system for spatial content production and dissemination through architectural revitalization, spatial potential activation, and cultural scenario construction. This brings new vitality to the renewal of old residential areas.
    　　The development of mobile internet and new media communication has created opportunities for niche architectural practices and innovative urban renewal. By creating artistic interactive scenarios that cater to public curiosity, designers use internet platforms for marketing and promotion to attract public attention and dissemination and increase network popularity of virtual spaces, thus driving offline spatial consumption and business operation. This path can effectively overcome challenges and difficulties in renewing old residential areas in Changsha and provide new perspectives and methodologies for future urban renewal.
  • Research on the Spatial Form Configuration of Tibetan-style Courtyard Houses: A Case Study Based on Lintan County, Gannan Prefecture
    AN Yuyuan, WU Fang
    2025, 0(6):  50. 
    Abstract    PDF ( )  
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    Lintan County of Gannan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture is located at the border between Han and Tibetan nationalities. It is a typical region where Han, Tibetan, Hui, and other ethnic groups integrate and coexist. Since the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the policy of garrisoning the border and reclaiming the land and the trade of tea and horses have attracted long-term settlements of multiple ethnic groups, thus forming a unique cultural community. As the mainstream residential form in this region, the folk house with a courtyard has a similar layout to Han's traditional folk house with a courtyard, but it shows flexible and diverse atypical spatial characteristics. Existing studies mainly focus on the form analysis from the perspective of a single ethnic group or architectural level, and there is a lack of systematic exploration of the differences in spatial configurations and internal logic in the context of multicultural integration, making it difficult to satisfy the practical needs of rural revitalization and the protection of traditional folk houses.
    　　In this study, nine representative samples of traditional folk houses were selected: three samples of Han, Tibetan, and Hui nationalities, respectively. The time span started from the late Republic of China to the end of the 1990s. These samples involve various spatial types to guarantee diversity and typicality, including traditional folk houses in villages, folk houses worthy of cultural relic protection, and typical folk houses in multiethnic mixed villages. Based on the comprehensive application of the convex space model and the visual field model in spatial syntax theory, a systematic analysis was conducted by combining quantitative analysis and graphical translation. First, topological parameters such as the number of levels and the number of nodes were extracted by drawing a planar graph and transforming it into a J graph. Second, the connectivity and average depth were calculated using the convex space model to quantify the connectivity and accessibility characteristics of the functional space. Finally, a visual field model was constructed with Depthmap software to analyze visual focus distribution and spatial interaction patterns. The spatial organization logic of folk houses was analyzed from perspectives of structure, form, and vision. 
    　　Research results show that: (1) the geographical environment and economic level fundamentally influence the spatial configuration of folk houses. Compared with the folk houses with courtyards in the core area of Han culture, folk houses in Lintan County mainly have 4-6 levels and the average number of nodes is reduced to 17, making space more compact and efficient. Such simplification is functional optimization under an alpine climate, resource constraints, and practical needs. For example, the sunroom optimizes the light and heat preservation through transparent materials and open design, reflecting regional adaptability. (2) Ethnic cultural differences significantly shape the heterogeneous characteristics of spatial node configuration. Tibetan folk houses are centered on the courtyard and the Buddha Hall. The Buddha Hall serves both religious and social functions, and the living room has multiple functions with poor privacy. They show the emotional connection of the family. Folk houses of Hui nationality are centered on the courtyard and corridor. The corridor is highly connected, whereas the bedroom and bathroom emphasize privacy, integrating with worship functions. These reflect the order and purity of Islamic culture. Folk houses of Han nationality continue the courtyard and central room structure. Specifically, the central room is responsible for ancestor worship and reception, showing moderate space circulation and reflecting the etiquette culture. (3) Multicultural integration has given rise to the adaptive transmutation of spatial forms. The Tibetan folk house introduced the central room of Han's folk house and transformed it into a hallway to balance religion and ethics. Hui's folk house has learned the corridor layout of Han's folk house to balance public and private spaces. Han's folk house has absorbed the open courtyard of the Tibetan folk house to expand its functions. The sunroom and central room have become composite spaces used by various ethnic groups, both climate-adapted and carrying family interactions. They maintain the ethnic characteristics and promote spatial function integration and morphological diversity.
    　　The spatial configurations of folk houses with courtyards in Lintan County are the collaborative results of natural constraints, cultural genes, and cross-cultural interactions. The topological simplification maps the optimization strategy of practical orientation, the node heterogeneity reflects the deep differences between ethnic cultures, and the morphological transmutation highlights the driving effect of multiple symbioses on architectural innovation. The study not only provides a new perspective for analyzing the spatial characteristics of multiethnic folk houses in the boundary regions of Tibetan nationality but also lays a theoretical foundation for protecting traditional folk houses and the adaptive development of regional architecture. In future, samples can be expanded to more boundary regions of Tibetan nationality to deepen the understanding of the universality of cultural integration mechanisms.
  • Research on Transfer Efficiency Optimization Based on Dual-track Tandem Hub
    ZENG Zhongzhong, ZHANG Wei
    2025, 0(6):  60. 
    Abstract    PDF ( )  
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    Beijing Fengtai Station is the first modern hub in China that adopts a three-dimensional flow system with "upward entry/downward exit for conventional rail" and "lower-level entry/exit at 23 m elevation for high-speed rail". It achieves physical segregation between train flows through vertical stratification. Although its innovative configuration theoretically reduces interference of passenger flows, there are still some operational challenges, including redundant subway transfer pathways and peak-hour node congestion. Based on empirical operational data from Fengtai Station, this study systematically analyzed transfer characteristics in dual-track tandem hubs for the first time. The multimodal transfer scenarios of "conventional rail/high-speed rail/subway" were reconstructed using the AnyLogic simulation modeling to quantitatively evaluate the impact of three-dimensional flow systems on pedestrian efficiency. Moreover, the applicability of different improvement schemes was verified by introducing the widely accepted optimization strategies (e.g., hierarchical path design and facility capacity adaptation) in the industry. 
    　　A comparative analysis of Zhengzhou East Station (single-mode) and Beijing West Station (flat dual-track), which have similar passenger volumes and spatial scales, was carried out. A dynamic passenger flow model was built by combining AnyLogic simulation to quantitatively evaluate transfer efficiency across three hub topologies by using regional density, bottleneck throughput and transfer time as indicators. Results indicated that the stacked dual-track configuration increases transfer time by 1-1.6 times, which is attributed to high reliance on vertical transportation, long interlayer walking distance, and flow conflicts. Optimization strategies for dual-track tandem railway passenger stations on the transfer plane were investigated. A comparative analysis of four specific strategies for the optimization of facility service capability and optimization of line layout was carried out. Results show that improving facility service capability can relieve congestion at nodes significantly, but it influences the overall pedestrian density of spaces slightly. On the contrary, optimizing line layout can greatly affect the overall transfer efficiency and pedestrian density of spaces more significantly. According to further observations, optimizing line layout is superior to optimizing facility service capacity in terms of improving transfer time, overall pedestrian density in spaces, and pedestrian flows at nodes. It concludes that there is a significant difference in improvement efficiency between line and service facility optimization. In the transfer spaces of built stations, optimizing line layout is the best solution to relieve the pressure of passenger transfer. Optimization of line layout can reasonably reduce the cross-flow of passengers by optimizing line layout, thus improving the passenger flow rate in the whole space. This study is innovative because it breaks the limitations of existing studies on transfer efficiency optimization of railway hubs and proposes the optimal strategy to optimize the line layout. Research results provide theoretical references and practice paradigms for planning, design, and operation management of the same type of complex hubs. It fills in the blank of empirical studies on dual-track tandem hubs in China.
    • Landscape Design
  • The Layout and Imagery of Cultural Landscapes in Shengjing City during the Late Qing Dynasty as Depicted in Literati Writings
    XIE Miaoyina, WANG Sa
    2025, 0(6):  68. 
    Abstract    PDF ( )  
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    In the late Qing Dynasty, Shengjing City (today's Shenyang City, Liaoning Province, China) served as a quintessential representation of traditional walled settlements before the disintegration of the old order. However, there is insufficient academic attention to the cultural landscape in Shengjing City from the perspective of history and geography. There are few local historical documents and archival materials concerning landscapes from the late Qing Dynasty. So, the poetic texts were investigated according to the historical background that emerged in numerous private poetry societies, providing some references to explore the cultural landscape pattern in Shengjing City during the late Qing Dynasty. 
    　　Based on cultural landscape concepts in human geography fields, architecture and landscape science and cultural landscapes in Shengjing City during the late Qing Dynasty were classified based on characteristics of the city and cultural landscape composition. Subsequently, a semantic subdivision was conducted by combining manual interpretation, summarization and digital text mining to explore hierarchical structures and features of different types of cultural landscapes. The geographic spaces of four types of cultural landscapes in Shenjing City were visualized, and a kernel density analysis was carried out, using ArcMap on the ArcGIS platform, to disclose their spatial distribution patterns. Furthermore, the distribution patterns of depiction frequency were analyzed using ArcScene, and literati preferences for different cultural landscapes in Shengjing City were summarized. The cultural landscape imagery of Shengjing City was interpreted from the perspective of modern urban and traditional Chinese imageries. 
    　　The cultural landscape of Shengjing City was divided into four types: natural, architectural, behavioral, and faith. Later, 15 landscape subtypes were gained through semantic network clustering and a multi-level hierarchy of cultural landscapes in Shengjing City was established. The cultural landscape in Shengjing City generally presents a centripetal distribution, with the nuclear density of all types of cultural landscape radiating from the inner city to the outer city. Notably, differences in geographic spatial distribution among different types of cultural landscapes and differences in the description preferences of literati were identified. The high-frequency poetic terms assessed the landscape imagery in Shengjing City at the time, demonstrating that literati's perception was concentrated on various landscape nodes, showing significant differences in cognition of urban spaces and the five-element theory of urban imagery. As citizens of ancient traditional walled settlements, residents in Shengjing perceived the urban space through landmarks like "gates" and "bell-and-drum towers". Due to the transformation in the late Qing Dynasty, the cultural landscape in Shengjing City carried the complicated emotions of the literati due to being an auxiliary capital.
    　　As the political center shifted in the late Qing Dynasty, public attention to royal spaces waned, and interest in the auxiliary capital status of Shengjing no longer revolved around imperial power. From the perspective of landscape types, the continuous population inflows and cultural diversification brought new vitality to Shengjing, diminishing the dominance of Manchu culture. The population increase also boosted traditional handicrafts and commerce, thus making market trade a distinct cultural landscape type. Regarding spatial distribution, cultural landscapes were not strictly demarcated among the inner city, outer city, and suburbs. Instead, they exhibited a centripetal distribution radiating from the inner city. This distribution pattern also disconnected the inner city wall and barrier wall boundaries from the banner and civilian areas. At this moment, Shengjing City evolved from a royalty-controlled Manchu society with strict classes in the early Qing Dynasty to a local central city focusing on civilian life. 
    　　The Shengjing City urban center was explored and analyzed from the civilian perspective, which positively promoted the development of Shengyang as a famous historical and cultural city. It also provided some references to study urban cultural landscapes during historical periods. Due to space limitations, this article failed to review the theoretical construction of cultural landscape imagery in Shengjing theoretically. Future studies will continue to explore historical settlement landscapes, aiming to interpret landscape imagery of China's ancient historical settlements from perspectives of China's classical imagery and modern urban imagery and explore their organic combination modes in studies on traditional settlement landscape imagery.
  • Evaluation of Accessibility and Supply-demand Matching of Park Green Spaces Based on Visit Preferences: A Case Study Based on the Main Urban Area of Wuhan
    ZHANG Ying, LIU Yaolin, TONG Zhaomin, LIU Yanfang
    2025, 0(6):  78. 
    Abstract    PDF ( )  
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    Park green space (PGS) is a vital component of the urban ecosystem and public service system. Its rational layout and supply-demand matching are crucial for improving people's well-being. The rapid urbanization process has reshaped the urban spatial structure and intensified conflicts between other construction lands and PGS, leading to the mismatch between PGS services and population distribution. Moreover, studies have shown that residents with different socio-demographic characteristics have varying preferences for visiting PGS. These differences should not be ignored when evaluating the serviceability of PGS, and they are more in line with the trend of refined spatial governance. Therefore, constructing an evaluation method for PGS services based on visit preferences, identifying supply-demand mismatch areas, optimizing the layout of PGS, and improving service efficiency are key issues to deepen people-oriented urban planning and construction of all-age-friendly cities.
    　　Based on geographic big data, existing studies have discussed residents' visit preference characteristics of PGS, but some problems in the field still have to be further explored. Therefore, a case study based on the main urban area of Wuhan was conducted. Using the Gaussian two-step floating catchment area method, the real demand frequency of residents in the study unit was first recognized by combining with mobile phone signaling data. Second, the visit preferences of different age groups were explored and quantified as parameters in models. An accessibility model based on PGS visit preference laws of all age groups was built. Finally, supply-demand matching was analyzed using visit preference-based accessibility and the real demand frequency of residents as the supply-demand end. The service status of PGS in the study area was evaluated comprehensively.
    　　The results show that: (1) Different age groups demonstrate different visit preferences of PGS. Teenagers have the highest preference for theme parks, and elderly people prefer comprehensive parks with close distance, large areas, and rich facilities. On weekends, people prefer to visit parks with farther distances but larger areas and more facilities or activities, while on weekdays, they tend to choose parks nearby. (2) The spatial differentiation of the accessibility considering visit preferences is remarkable. The accessibility of theme parks shows obvious spatial polarization, and the overall accessibility shows high values along the Wuhan East Lake with significant spatial clustering. (3) There is an imbalance between PGS supply and demand in some areas, such as Jiangan District and Hongshan District, accounting for 13%. Such imbalance is more prominent on weekends, and the PGS supply-demand match of the elderly group is the worst. 
    　　Based on the geographic big data, the study deeply explored the visit preferences of different age groups, improved the accessibility model, assessed the current status of PGS services more realistically, and confirmed the feasibility of evaluating PGS services based on visit preferences. It provides a reference to optimize the people-oriented urban park green space configuration, refine governance of territorial space, and construct all-age-friendly cities. Results can be applied to research on other public service facilities.
  • Research of Evaluation Models and Thresholds for Park Landscaping Techniques Based on Eye Movement Analysis: A Case Study Based on Borrowing Scenery and Framing Scenery Methods
    XIAO Xi, ZHENG Yunfei, CAI Jinhui, HUANG Hanjie, LI Haolong, MA Yuan
    2025, 0(6):  88. 
    Abstract    PDF ( )  
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    Landscaping techniques such as borrowing scene methods (jie jing) and framing scene methods (kuang jing) hold significant reference and guiding value for the landscape design of modern urban parks. To address the over-reliance on empirical knowledge and lack of quantitative foundations in traditional landscaping techniques, this study employs eye-tracking technology to quantitatively investigate the application efficacy, optimal scale distance thresholds, and influencing factors of borrowing scene and framing scene methods in modern urban parks. It aims to establish a quantitative evaluation system for landscape experiences, providing scientific and parametric foundations for landscape design.
    　　In this study, five representative urban parks, including Guangzhou's Liuhua Lake Park, were chosen, and 12 typical scenes (six in borrowing scenes and six in framing scenes) were identified for standardized photographic documentation, collecting 48 experimental images. A total of 14 eye-tracking data metrics of 50 participants (25 males and 25 females) were recorded using the HTC Vive Pro2 eye-tracking equipment. Meanwhile, questionnaire data on landscape satisfaction scores was collected. Coupled analyses, including Spearman correlation and independent sample t-tests, were conducted between eye-tracking data and physical spatial parameters to explore the influences of differences in participants and imagery element characteristics on landscape experiences of borrowing scenes and framing scenes. Eye-tracking indicators that influence scenic beauty were further explored by combining subjective evaluation data on questionnaires, and a mathematical model of experience evaluation was built using stepwise regression. Finally, polynomial training simulations were established by machine learning, and the predictive model of evaluation scores was fit. The distance thresholds for borrowing and framing scenes under the optimal landscaping scores were calculated.
    　　Research results showed: (1) According to gender difference analysis, there are significant differences between males and females in scenery attention and cognition. For example, females show more detailed scene cognition, whereas males show higher information processing efficiency. (2) The spatial imagery elements show that different imagery elements have different characteristics. For instance, the visual focus of point elements in the borrowing scenery method is significantly better than those of planar and linear elements. In the framing scenery method, the aspect ratios and frame proportions can affect visual focus significantly. (3) The regression model shows that the borrowing scenery evaluation (EVQ = 8.076 + 0.890×AFD-0.464×APD + 0.244×TST) and the framing scenery evaluation (EVQ = 7.464 + 0.025×NF-0.496×APD + 0.013×NES) both showed significant correlations with subjective ratings (p<0.01). (4) The optimal landscape distance thresholds were determined at 50-250 m for borrowing scenes and 1-7 m for framing scenes through machine learning simulation.
    　　Some major conclusions could be drawn. First, there might be a scientific mechanism in traditional landscaping techniques. The optimal landscape thresholds are explicit in both borrowing and framing scenes; the layout of landscape points can be optimized during design according to distance. Second, point elements and frame aspect ratios are critical for enhancing visual focus. It is suggested that landscape effects be strengthened by integrating landmark buildings and designing horizontal frameworks. Third, a subjective experience can be predicted effectively from the quantitative model of eye-tracking data, which provides scientific tools for landscape design. 
    　　The perceptual thresholds and key design parameters of borrowing scenery and framing scenery methods are quantified systematically by integrating eye-tracking technology and machine learning. Recommended quantitative design parameters are provided for landscape construction in modern urban parks. Research results provide theoretical and practical references to improve landscape experience in urban parks. Limited by static experimental media and sample size, the universality of thresholds shall be verified in dynamic environments, and multiple types of scenes shall be involved in future studies.
  • Research on Spatiotemporal Information of Soundscape Indicators in Urban Wetland Parks: A Case Study Based on Aixi Lake Wetland Park
    ZHAO Zhiqing, LI Wenkang, HE Qingpeng, CHEN Zhenqi, LU Yitian
    2025, 0(6):  96. 
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    As a key element determining the quality of wetland parks, the soundscape is particularly significant for the mental health healing of urban residents. Based on Aixi Lake Wetland Park, this study aims to disclose the spatiotemporal distribution characteristics and spatial relationships of soundscape physical indicators and source perception indicators, as well as their effects on soundscape satisfaction. Results provide scientific references for the planning and management of soundscapes in wetland parks.
    　　By using methods such as network big data, field monitoring, and public questionnaire surveys, this study breaks through the static and one-dimensional limitations of traditional soundscape research, constructs a spatiotemporal dynamic analysis framework, and explores soundscape information of the wetland by combining a two-dimensional index system of physical indicators and perception evaluations. First, a field survey of Aixi Lake Wetland Park was conducted and 24 sampling points were selected. Changes in passenger flow were reflected by using the Baidu Heat Map data. Soundscape physical index parameters were collected by a sound level meter, including equivalent sound level LAeq and integral sound level indicators L10 and L90. Moreover, a synthetic parameter L10-L90 was introduced to analyze the dynamic changes of physical indicators. Meanwhile, soundscape perception data, including sound source harmony and soundscape satisfaction, were collected through questionnaires. After screening, 1,116 valid questionnaires were obtained. The Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW) method in ArcGIS 10.5 was used for interpolation analysis to create various soundscape physical and perception indicators. The spatial layout characteristics and patterns of sound source harmony were analyzed through the global and local spatial autocorrelation models, and the spatial relationship between soundscape physical indicators and sound source harmony was evaluated using the band set statistical analysis. Effects of soundscape physical indicators and sound source harmony on soundscape satisfaction were discussed through the multivariate stepwise regression analysis. 
    　　This study finds noticeable dynamic changes and distribution differences of soundscape physical indicators on the spatiotemporal scale of wetland parks, and they are influenced by pedestrian flow in different functional spaces. There is a significant sound source competition effect in the spatial distribution of the harmony of biological, geophysical, and human activity sounds. The sound source harmony shows significant spatial autocorrelation in both global and local models, and its distribution pattern is closely related to spatial function types and human activities. Soundscape physical indicators and sound source harmony are mainly negatively correlated in space. The former may have an inhibitory effect on the perception of the latter, based on the sound source masking effect. The equivalent sound level LAeq has a significant negative impact on soundscape satisfaction, while the harmony between background sound L90 and biological sounds has a significant positive impact on soundscape satisfaction.
    　　Based on the research results, the following soundscape planning strategies for wetland parks were proposed. First, noises at specific times and in particular areas where the soundscape physical indicators are too high are controlled from transmission paths through various means, including plant barriers and terrain adjustment. Second, protection measures or management and regulation—such as using playback devices to introduce sound sources with high harmony at major landscape nodes to create a diverse soundscape—are implemented according to spatiotemporal distribution characteristics of sound source harmony. Third, macro-regulation over the spatial autocorrelation of sound source harmony is conducted to maintain the homogeneity of the overall soundscape within the region. Fourth, soundscape satisfaction is improved by controlling LAeq, increasing the harmony of biological sounds, and strengthening L90 according to the spatial relationship between sound source harmony and soundscape physical indicators and their impacts on soundscape satisfaction. Research results provide a scientific basis and data reference for urban wetland park optimization and future development. This study helps decision-makers and planners accurately meet the public's expectations for wetland soundscapes, guide the formulation of refined construction and renovation strategies, and improve the soundscape and overall quality and experience of wetland parks.
    • Provide for the Aged and Heathy
  • Research on Spaces in Nursing Institutions for the Aged under Influences of Dementia Nursing Modes: From International Experience to Local Implementation
    SHEN Lingqiu, ZHU Xiaolei
    2025, 0(6):  107. 
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    Because of the intensification of social aging in China, the demand for nursing services for people with dementia is experiencing a corresponding surge. Nursing services for older people with dementia in China started relatively late, and there is a notable gap in theoretical frameworks and practical implementations compared with developed countries. At present, China mainly learns the mature nursing modes in foreign countries. However, the spatial layout of nursing institutions for the aged cannot meet actual nursing demands for the aged with dementia. Designers undervalue their behavioral characteristics and psychological needs and have an incomplete understanding of the uniqueness of dementia nursing. Relevant studies mainly focus on exploring design paths for dementia nursing environments with Chinese characteristics and promoting local implementation of advanced nursing philosophy by reviewing mature nursing philosophy and spatial design experiences at home and abroad. However, research results can provide references to future environmental design for nursing institutions. Hence, four mature dementia nursing modes of the "Montessori" mode advocated in France and Australia, the "Dementia Village" in the Netherlands, "Group Homes" in Japan and Sweden, and "Memory Care Units" in the United States were analyzed thoroughly. Their nursing characteristics and core philosophies were compared systematically. Moreover, the effects of these modes on spatial construction practices and nursing service practices in nursing institutions for the aged were discussed.
    　　Based on the demands of two major users—the elderly people with dementia and nurses—this study carried out a comparative analysis of architectural plane layout and functional spatial characteristics of eight nursing institutions at home and abroad from the perspective of daily life scenes and working process through field survey of space usage and interviews with nursing staff. Key attention was paid to the correlation mechanism of nursing philosophy, nursing behaviors, and spatial design. This study disclosed the following prominent problems, which are common in domestic institutions: insufficient matching between public activity space and nursing mode, functional configuration ignoring demands for entertainment and rehabilitation, absent construction of environment for social communication, and shortage of nursing staff. These problems restrict the improvement of patients' quality of life and intensify the working pressure on nursing staff. Hence, specific improvement strategies were proposed based on practice experiences of four mature nursing modes: (1) an "environment-behavior" interaction mechanism was built to improve the independence of older people; (2) the micro-scene design of life details was reproduced; (3) the open public space was retained to promote older people's social communication frequency; and (4) nursing efficiency was optimized through the spatial layout.
    　　Construction of a dementia nursing environment not only means constructing the physical space but also a deep response to the psychological needs and nursing logics of the aged. The quality of life of older people with dementia can be improved effectively by optimizing spatial layout, improving nursing efficiency, perfecting the working environment, strengthening social communication support, and psychological health intervention, thus promoting the overall development of the elderly nursing industry.
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